Immunoassay laboratory infection

2007-09-03 19:29:21 Read 42 Comments 0 Word Count:
a, hepatitis A virus (HAV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis A virus antigen (HAAg)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of detection of fecal filtrate by providing specific diagnosis of hepatitis A index: HAAg the highest positive rate in the incubation period of hepatitis A, acute phase followed, the incidence After two weeks away.
2, hepatitis A virus RNA (HAVRNA)
[reference] negative (RIA, PCR, molecular hybridization)
] [Clinical significance of hepatitis A virus through fecal a means of infection, HAV infection positive.
3, hepatitis A IgM antibody (anti-HAV-IgM)
[reference] negative (anti-human m-chain capture ELISA and RIA method)
[ ],[hepatitis A; visible anti-HAV-18M was a two-way, that is positive negative positive again.
4, hepatitis A IgG antibody (anti-HAV-IgG)
[reference] negative (ELISA method )
] [Clinical significance of positive instructions have been infected with hepatitis A has been restored, with curb the epidemic significance. people over the age of 10 positive rate> 82%.
Second, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in serum Pok markers measured
1, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
[] 1.HBsAg their clinical significance non-infectious, positive acute hepatitis B is common in the incubation period, acute, chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver 2. also found positive HBsAg carriers with acute hepatitis B, such as six months after the HBsAg does not disappear chronic HBsAg carriers. 3 hepatitis B virus through non-intestinal tract or intestinal transmission of non-obvious, such as blood, body fluids: the patient's body fluids and secretions of hepatitis B can exist HBsAg.
2, B hepatitis B surface antigen-IgM complexes (HBsAg-1gM)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELIsA method, solid-phase radioimmunoassay)
[clinical significance] HBsAg-IgM is HBV infection, replication, infectious markers in acute HBV infection early. disappear indicating infection rehabilitation, persistently positive, said to chronic disease.
3, hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)
[reference reference value] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1] In order to HBV neutralizing antibodies that have been infected with positive HBV, now has protective antibodies in vivo, with a certain immunity, has a protective effect on the body 2. after hepatitis B vaccination or injection of anti-HBs immune cones protein may positive.
4, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)
negative [reference] (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance] [1-positive that are suffering from hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus replication and is a sign of highly contagious. 2.HBeAg positive vertical transmission in pregnant women can be, more than 90% of their newborns will be affected by hepatitis B virus infection, and HBsAg were positive
5, hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe)
[reference value]-negative (N / Pg2.1 negative) (ELISAIsA Act)
clinical significance [1]. is infected with anti-HBe antibodies, not the protective antibodies against Lme often associated with positive anti-tenant G-positive, early anti • HR3 of seroconversion, in his low-titer anti-A8 or HB. positive acute and chronic hepatitis, indicates infectious relatively lower. HSe appear anti-hepatitis transfer speed and sweep the Hepatitis B acute phase there are easy to progress to chronic hepatitis ; chronic active anti-HBe-positive hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis, such as HBsAg, anti-HBe, and ALT levels, and they should pay attention to consider whether the possibility of primary liver cancer. anti-HBe-positive detection rate of liver cancer> ; cirrhosis> chronic hepatitis B 2. anti-HBe-positive pregnant women give birth in 20% of infants infected with HBV.
6, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)
negative [reference value]
[] 1.HBcAg positive clinical significance of serum have prompted a complete hepatitis B virus infection, and copy the contents of more active, highly infectious. 2.HBcAg infection present in the viral core and the nucleus, the blood is generally not in the free state exists, it is clinically not as a routine test items.
7, hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)
[reference] the total anti-HBc antibody-negative (N/Pg2.1 positive or inhibit rate of> 50% positive) (ELISA method) anti HBcIgM negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. anti-HBc total antibodies, including anti-HBc (IgG, IgM, IgA ), mainly IgG. that there had been positive for hepatitis B virus infection or disease in the recovery. anti-HBc-positive for several decades or even for life. 2 anti HBcIgM positive hepatitis B infection and liver HBV active in recent copy of the index, HBV infection in the 6 months, suggesting that the blood of patients with contagious.
8, hepatitis B immune complexes (HBVCIC)
[reference] negative (ELISA method)
] [Clinical significance of patient immune to hepatitis B status and remove viruses skills. acute hepatitis B titer is low, but the virus replication within liver cells were still easy to chronic chronic active hepatitis were high titer.
9, before the S2 (PreS2) and anti-pre S2 (anti PreS2) detection
[reference value] PreS2 negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method) anti PreS2 inhibition <50% of negative (enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay)
[] 1.PreS2 is the clinical significance of HBV surface proteins, invasion of liver cells with HBV major structural components of the positive active viral replication prompted 2. PreS2 is anti-HBV neutralizing antibodies appear early in acute hepatitis B prognosis is good .
10, aggregation of human serum protein receptor (PHSAR)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
[] PHSAR clinical significance of HBV pre-S2 gene the product of a PreS2 antigen epitopes is HBV infection, replication and infectious signs.
11, hepatitis B virus DNA (HBVDNA) [reference] measured
negative (PCR, spot hybridization)
clinical significance] [1-positive HBV replication and that infectious for hepatitis B or HBsA with those without the detection of infectious and HBsAg vertical transmission blocking vaccine efficacy. more than 2.50% anti-HBe (+) chronic active hepatitis, 4 to 5 years after the development of cirrhosis of the liver, often associated with persistent positive HBVDNA about.
12, HBVDNA polymerase (HBVDNAP)
[reference] industry is negative of Zhao + /-2SD measured value less negative than for Zhao sector is positive (immunoprecipitation)
] [Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus replication explain the existence HBVDNAP active.
three hepatitis C virus (HCV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis C virus RNA (HCVRNA)
[reference] negative (PCR, dot-blot hybridization)
[clinical significance] 1.HCV transmitted by blood. positive Tip HCV replication and infectious, in particular against HCV negative or low titers of acute and chronic hepatitis C diagnosed more meaningful. 2 can be combined with anti-HCV prognostic indicators of hepatitis C and efficacy of interferon and other drugs
2, hepatitis C LgM antibody (anti-HCV-1gM)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of non-protective antibodies in acute hepatitis C onset, or ALT increased by 4 weeks after the emergence of sustainable 1-4 weeks, as an important indicator of acute hepatitis C .6 months cured negative, contrary to chronic hepatitis C. These patients about 1 / 2 anti HCVIgM may have picked up, and then gradually decreased.
3, hepatitis C 1gG antibody (anti HCVI-gG)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
[clinical significance] 1 non-protective antibodies that the body has been positive for HCV infection, chronic hepatitis C, an important indicator. especially prevalent in the post-transfusion hepatitis, and frequent use of blood products caused by hepatitis B patients with HCV infection. 2 C Easy to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer.
four, hepatitis D virus (HDV) serum markers measured Pok
1, hepatitis D antigen (HDAg)
[Reference values] negative (IFA, RIA, ELISA method)
] [Clinical significance of serum HDAg appeared in the early and lasted only 1 to 2 weeks, so the majority of suspected acute hepatitis were not due to timely detection, often HDAg negative; but also because of HDAg and anti-HD in the blood to form immune complexes are not easily detected.
2, hepatitis D antibody (anti-HD)
[reference] negative (IFA, RIA, ELISA method)
[clinical significance] 1. HDV infection when anti-HDIgM appeared earlier, for 2 to 20 weeks, can be used for early diagnosis. recently found that anti-HDUgM two types of high molecular weight were seen in acute HSV infection; low molecular weight chronic HDV infection were seen in 2. HDIgG positive only in the anti-HBsAg (j) measured in serum is a reliable diagnosis of hepatitis D basis, and HDV infection is still sustainable for many years after the termination.
3, hepatitis D viral RNA (HDVRNA)
[reference] negative (PCR method)
tenant V] [clinical significance is not clear by clear and non-intestinal route, such as blood, human contacts, etc.-positive who can be diagnosed as hepatitis. HDV is a kind of threshold of lack of viruses, HBV envelope surface protein to be wrapped, pathogenicity depends on the HBV, or superinfection with HBV co-infection. HDV and HBV co-infection compared with infection severe illness, HDV infection is easy to further the development of chronic liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer.
five serum markers measured
Pok hepatitis E virus (HEV)
[reference value] 1.HEVRNA negative (RT-PCR method) 2 anti-HEVIgG negative (ELISA, RIA method)
[clinical significance] 1.HEV is a calicivirus Division, at least two subtypes, respectively, HEV (B) and HEV (M ) as the representative of HEV isolated in China and HEV (B) living the same subtype 2. by the fecal - oral route. Pok clinical symptoms and epidemiological similarities with hepatitis A, susceptible young adults, pregnant women infected with high mortality. 3. acute hepatitis E and convalescent serum titer of anti-HEVIgG 4 times higher, suggesting that new HEV infection 4. pure anti HEVIgG positive, that is in recovery or a past history.
six, hepatitis B virus (HFV) serum markers measured
1.HFV Pok separation of the end of success, the current lack of specific diagnostic methods.
2. blood transmission, incubation period longer than hepatitis C, an average of 61 days, there was subclinical , the degree of disease and chronic hepatitis C than the light.
3. the exclusion of HCV, HEV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), EB virus (EBV) infection in the case, may consider HFV infection.
seven, hepatitis G virus (HGV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis G virus RNA (HGVRNA)
[reference] negative (RT-PCR, dot-blot hybridization)
Clinical meaning] or parenteral transmission of blood. HGV pathogenicity is weak, often overlapping with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, the infection can also be a separate, easy to chronic Positive indicates a HGV infection. pathogenicity of HGV is still in question further study.
2, hepatitis G virus antibodies (anti HGVIg)
[reference] negative (EUSA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of HGV infection had positive note.
eight Other virus serum markers measured Pok
1, GB virus RNA (GBVRNA)
[reference] negative (RT-PCR)
[Clinical significance of serum hepatitis] currently isolated from the three kinds of GBV , that is, A1B, C. now that GBV-A, GBV-B may have a homology of two flavivirus-like virus; GBV-C is independent of the virus to be studied further.
2, GB virus ( GBV) [reference]
antibody anti-GBV-A negative anti-GBV-B-negative anti-GBV-C negative (ELISA method)
[clinical significance] 1.GBV transmitted primarily through blood transfusions, can cause acute, chronic hepatitis, anti-GBV-A and anti-GBV-B can not be negative except for GBV-C infection. 2.GBV the same time and overlap with HCV infection, GBV-C infection in chronic and easy.
3, HIV antibody (anti-HIV ) [reference] measured
negative (ELISA method, Western blot)
] [Clinical significance of HIV infection after a few weeks to six months to produce antibodies against HIV-positive, without any clinical symptoms, compared with anti-HIV carriers; if symptoms can be diagnosed as AIDS. anti-HIV-positive for several years, decades, or even for life. China and Asia, mostly in patients with serum anti-HIV (1) type.
4, Hanta virus (HTV) 18M antibody (anti-HTVIgM) [reference] measured
negative (ELISA method, immunofluorescence)
] [Clinical significance of epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) by hantavirus infection the patient infected fITV 2 ~ 3 days later, to lieutenant colonel in the serum of anti-HTVIgM, 7 ~ 10 Sunderland peak, then begin to decline, the resulting anti-HTVIgG, so anti-HTVIgM of epidemic Early diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with signs.
5, encephalitis virus IgM antibodies
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. B computer virus IgM antibodies 4 days after onset of illness appeared in the blood of patients, 2 Zhouhou Yang of the rate of 70% to 90% (2) popular area on several latent infection and immunity, it is mostly non-immune children, the incidence , re-infection are rare.
nine, serum Pok bacterial detection
1, typhoid serum agglutination test (Widal) (WR)
[reference] H agglutination titer l1: 160 O agglutination titer l1: 80 A agglutination titer <1:80 B agglutination titer <1:80 c agglutination titer <1:80 (serum agglutination)
(clinical significance] 1 for typhoid, paratyphoid diagnosis. WR-positive disease generally appear in the serum of patients 1 week, the positive rate by weekly increments of up to 70% to 90% double serum antibody titers increased 4-fold when diagnosed, a single serum antibody titer O> 1: 80 and H> 1:160 are diagnostic significance due to typhoid and paratyphoid Salmonella Yin has some of the same antigen (O antigen), it must rely on flagella antibody (H antibody) and A, B, C's. antibody titer to identify. 2 infected with typhoid typhoid vaccine or inoculated were positive. early use of antibiotics or immunosuppressive therapy may be false negative.
2, deformed bars Yan agglutination test (outside Pei reaction) (WFR) < br> [reference] 0x2 <1:160 Ox19, <1:160 Oxk <1:160 (serum agglutination)
double [3] the clinical significance of serum antibody titers increased 4-fold can be diagnosed Positive plaques found in rash typhoid fever, endemic typhus, scrub typhus and other rickettsial diseases; brucellosis, can retrace the titer increased heat; pregnant women can also be slightly increased.
3, brucellosis agglutination test
[reference] negative (latex agglutination test) <1:80 (serum agglutination)
clinical significance [3] Brucellosis is an infectious disease to humans and animals were thinking this bacteria 4 a biological species, 13 biotypes. common type of Yin cattle, sheep, pigs three types. our popular mainly sheep brucellosis, followed by cattle brucellosis. double serum agglutination titer after the second g four times the previous diagnosis of brucellosis can be.
4, anti-chain cones Yin hemolysin 1:400 (serum agglutination)
clinical significance [1] due to group A hemolytic chain cones infections are quite common, so there is a certain amount of normal ASO production, but generally <1:400 2. increased A group of bacteria found in the chain of cones due to bacteremia, sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic myocarditis or arthritis, pericarditis, nephritis, acute renal cones, etc. 3. with indirect hemagglutination method detection of group A hemolytic chain cones Yin extracellular products of anti-chain enzyme test (ASZT) ASO-positive rate can be increased, especially for suspected bacterial infection of the ASO were not high.
5, Neisseria meningitidis antigen, antibody test
[Reference] Determination of antigen-negative (LAT, RIA ELISA, counter immuno electrophoresis): antibody-negative (RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of antigen-positive diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis can be; disease convalescent antibody titer greater than 4 times higher than the acute phase has diagnostic value.
6, Legionella antibody (anti-LP)
[reference value] <1:160 (serum agglutination)
[ ],[br> [reference] 1gG <12.5U/m1 of (-) IgA 12.5 ~ 20U/m1 of (1) IgM> 20U/m1 as (X)
] [Clinical significance of positive found in the stomach, duodenum Helicobacter pylori infection, such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer.
8, tuberculosis Yan antibody (anti-TB)
[reference] [Clinical significance of negative
90%] 40% human serum in tuberculosis antibodies in pleural tuberculosis, abdominal tuberculosis of the body cavity fluid of tuberculous meningitis cerebrospinal fluid, TB significantly higher serum antibody titers.
ten, other micro-organisms detected in serum Pok
1, schistosomiasis antibody < br> [reference] IgE antibodies 0 ~ 150U / L (ELISA method) IgG antibody negative IgM antibodies (ELISA method, LAT method, egg ring precipitation, latex agglutination)
] [Clinical significance of IgM, IgE Tip in the early course of antibody-positive, IgG antibodies that the disease is recovering. japonicum infection in some patients for several years after the IgG antibodies.
2, Treponema pallidum antibodies
[reference] qualitative test was negative ( VDRL method, USB method, RPR method, TRUST Law) confirmatory test was negative (TPHA method, FTA-ARS method)
clinical significance [1]. qualitative test in syphilis infection after l ~ 2 周 positive rate was 76%, secondary syphilis-positive rate of 95% to 100%, late syphilis positive rate of 70% to 95% positive rate in patients with recessive 70% ~ 80%. 2.RPR and USR non-specific antibody test method, so the lepromatous leprosy, malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, yaws, flyback fever, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, mycoplasma pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis syndrome, tuberculosis and other diseases, can be false positive. 3.TPHA and FTA-ARS for the detection of Treponema pallidum-specific antibody test positive for syphilis can be diagnosed.
3, leptospirosis latex agglutination inhibition test (LAIT)
[reference value] < ; 1:40
[clinical significance] higher than the reference value can be diagnosed leptospirosis.
4, cysticercosis antibodies
[] negative serum reference value <1:164 CSF <1 : 8 (ELISA method) negative serum <1:128 CSF <1:8 (PHA law)
[Clinical significance of cerebral cysticercosis] found positive.
5, Toxoplasma antibody (TOXO-Ig)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. gondii infection is zoonotic diseases. 2.TOXO-IBM ​​for acute infection of Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis after 1 week of infection, 2 Zhou Dafeng, then declined and continued low titer of approximately 1 year. 3.TOxO-IgG for the diagnosis of past infection of Toxoplasma gondii. l ~ 2 after infection week of February of crab, remains positive for several years. 4 Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women can cause miscarriage, premature birth, fetal death, hydrocephalus or neurodevelopmental disorders.
6, heterophile agglutination test (HAT)
[reference] negative, agglutination titer <1:7
[clinical significance] 1. agglutination titer> 1:56 have diagnostic value, dynamic observation of the suspect set as double serum titer after the second g is also four times the previous can be diagnosed mainly seen in infectious mononucleosis syndrome. 2 About 10% of infectious mononucleosis patients who do not appear heterophile antibodies, mostly the children and babies. 3 In this experiment, non-specific test. serum disease, Hodgkin's disease and acute Schistosoma japonicum infection, leukemia, lymphosarcoma, tuberculosis, viral pneumonia can also occur with higher agglutination titer. absorption test to be done when necessary to identify.
7, agglutination (CAT)
[Reference values] negative, agglutination titer l1: 32 (direct agglutination test tube method)
clinical significance [1]. a check agglutination titer> 1:64; or dynamic observation double serum agglutination titer, after the previous sub-g four times the diagnosis can be mainly seen in mycoplasma pneumonia. 2 In this experiment, non-specific, in some cold agglutinin syndrome were thought up on the agglutination titer dry or thousands; addition influenza, mumps, infectious mononucleosis syndrome, severe anemia, malaria, hookworm, liver cirrhosis, myeloma, also tested positive, low titer.
8, Limulus test (TAL)
negative
[reference value] [description of the clinical significance of positive blood] containing endotoxin.