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a, hepatitis A virus (HAV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis A virus antigen (HAAg)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of detection of fecal filtrate by providing specific diagnosis of hepatitis A index: HAAg the highest positive rate in the incubation period of hepatitis A, acute phase followed, the incidence After two weeks away.
2, hepatitis A virus RNA (HAVRNA)
[reference] negative (RIA, PCR, molecular hybridization)
] [Clinical significance of hepatitis A virus through fecal a means of infection, HAV infection positive.
3, hepatitis A IgM antibody (anti-HAV-IgM)
[reference] negative (anti-human m-chain capture ELISA and RIA method)
[ ],[hepatitis A; visible anti-HAV-18M was a two-way, that is positive negative positive again.
4, hepatitis A IgG antibody (anti-HAV-IgG)
[reference] negative (ELISA method )
] [Clinical significance of positive instructions have been infected with hepatitis A has been restored, with curb the epidemic significance. people over the age of 10 positive rate> 82%.
Second, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in serum Pok markers measured
1, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
[] 1.HBsAg their clinical significance non-infectious, positive acute hepatitis B is common in the incubation period, acute, chronic persistent hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver 2. also found positive HBsAg carriers with acute hepatitis B, such as six months after the HBsAg does not disappear chronic HBsAg carriers. 3 hepatitis B virus through non-intestinal tract or intestinal transmission of non-obvious, such as blood, body fluids: the patient's body fluids and secretions of hepatitis B can exist HBsAg.
2, B hepatitis B surface antigen-IgM complexes (HBsAg-1gM)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELIsA method, solid-phase radioimmunoassay)
[clinical significance] HBsAg-IgM is HBV infection, replication, infectious markers in acute HBV infection early. disappear indicating infection rehabilitation, persistently positive, said to chronic disease.
3, hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs)
[reference reference value] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1] In order to HBV neutralizing antibodies that have been infected with positive HBV, now has protective antibodies in vivo, with a certain immunity, has a protective effect on the body 2. after hepatitis B vaccination or injection of anti-HBs immune cones protein may positive.
4, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)
negative [reference] (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance] [1-positive that are suffering from hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus replication and is a sign of highly contagious. 2.HBeAg positive vertical transmission in pregnant women can be, more than 90% of their newborns will be affected by hepatitis B virus infection, and HBsAg were positive
5, hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe)
[reference value]-negative (N / Pg2.1 negative) (ELISAIsA Act)
clinical significance [1]. is infected with anti-HBe antibodies, not the protective antibodies against Lme often associated with positive anti-tenant G-positive, early anti • HR3 of seroconversion, in his low-titer anti-A8 or HB. positive acute and chronic hepatitis, indicates infectious relatively lower. HSe appear anti-hepatitis transfer speed and sweep the Hepatitis B acute phase there are easy to progress to chronic hepatitis ; chronic active anti-HBe-positive hepatitis may progress to cirrhosis, such as HBsAg, anti-HBe, and ALT levels, and they should pay attention to consider whether the possibility of primary liver cancer. anti-HBe-positive detection rate of liver cancer> ; cirrhosis> chronic hepatitis B 2. anti-HBe-positive pregnant women give birth in 20% of infants infected with HBV.
6, hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)
negative [reference value]
[] 1.HBcAg positive clinical significance of serum have prompted a complete hepatitis B virus infection, and copy the contents of more active, highly infectious. 2.HBcAg infection present in the viral core and the nucleus, the blood is generally not in the free state exists, it is clinically not as a routine test items.
7, hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc)
[reference] the total anti-HBc antibody-negative (N/Pg2.1 positive or inhibit rate of> 50% positive) (ELISA method) anti HBcIgM negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. anti-HBc total antibodies, including anti-HBc (IgG, IgM, IgA ), mainly IgG. that there had been positive for hepatitis B virus infection or disease in the recovery. anti-HBc-positive for several decades or even for life. 2 anti HBcIgM positive hepatitis B infection and liver HBV active in recent copy of the index, HBV infection in the 6 months, suggesting that the blood of patients with contagious.
8, hepatitis B immune complexes (HBVCIC)
[reference] negative (ELISA method)
] [Clinical significance of patient immune to hepatitis B status and remove viruses skills. acute hepatitis B titer is low, but the virus replication within liver cells were still easy to chronic chronic active hepatitis were high titer.
9, before the S2 (PreS2) and anti-pre S2 (anti PreS2) detection
[reference value] PreS2 negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method) anti PreS2 inhibition <50% of negative (enzyme-linked immunosorbent inhibition assay)
[] 1.PreS2 is the clinical significance of HBV surface proteins, invasion of liver cells with HBV major structural components of the positive active viral replication prompted 2. PreS2 is anti-HBV neutralizing antibodies appear early in acute hepatitis B prognosis is good .
10, aggregation of human serum protein receptor (PHSAR)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
[] PHSAR clinical significance of HBV pre-S2 gene the product of a PreS2 antigen epitopes is HBV infection, replication and infectious signs.
11, hepatitis B virus DNA (HBVDNA) [reference] measured
negative (PCR, spot hybridization)
clinical significance] [1-positive HBV replication and that infectious for hepatitis B or HBsA with those without the detection of infectious and HBsAg vertical transmission blocking vaccine efficacy. more than 2.50% anti-HBe (+) chronic active hepatitis, 4 to 5 years after the development of cirrhosis of the liver, often associated with persistent positive HBVDNA about.
12, HBVDNA polymerase (HBVDNAP)
[reference] industry is negative of Zhao + /-2SD measured value less negative than for Zhao sector is positive (immunoprecipitation)
] [Clinical significance of hepatitis B virus replication explain the existence HBVDNAP active.
three hepatitis C virus (HCV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis C virus RNA (HCVRNA)
[reference] negative (PCR, dot-blot hybridization)
[clinical significance] 1.HCV transmitted by blood. positive Tip HCV replication and infectious, in particular against HCV negative or low titers of acute and chronic hepatitis C diagnosed more meaningful. 2 can be combined with anti-HCV prognostic indicators of hepatitis C and efficacy of interferon and other drugs
2, hepatitis C LgM antibody (anti-HCV-1gM)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of non-protective antibodies in acute hepatitis C onset, or ALT increased by 4 weeks after the emergence of sustainable 1-4 weeks, as an important indicator of acute hepatitis C .6 months cured negative, contrary to chronic hepatitis C. These patients about 1 / 2 anti HCVIgM may have picked up, and then gradually decreased.
3, hepatitis C 1gG antibody (anti HCVI-gG)
[reference] negative (ELISA, RIA method)
[clinical significance] 1 non-protective antibodies that the body has been positive for HCV infection, chronic hepatitis C, an important indicator. especially prevalent in the post-transfusion hepatitis, and frequent use of blood products caused by hepatitis B patients with HCV infection. 2 C Easy to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis or liver cancer.
four, hepatitis D virus (HDV) serum markers measured Pok
1, hepatitis D antigen (HDAg)
[Reference values] negative (IFA, RIA, ELISA method)
] [Clinical significance of serum HDAg appeared in the early and lasted only 1 to 2 weeks, so the majority of suspected acute hepatitis were not due to timely detection, often HDAg negative; but also because of HDAg and anti-HD in the blood to form immune complexes are not easily detected.
2, hepatitis D antibody (anti-HD)
[reference] negative (IFA, RIA, ELISA method)
[clinical significance] 1. HDV infection when anti-HDIgM appeared earlier, for 2 to 20 weeks, can be used for early diagnosis. recently found that anti-HDUgM two types of high molecular weight were seen in acute HSV infection; low molecular weight chronic HDV infection were seen in 2. HDIgG positive only in the anti-HBsAg (j) measured in serum is a reliable diagnosis of hepatitis D basis, and HDV infection is still sustainable for many years after the termination.
3, hepatitis D viral RNA (HDVRNA)
[reference] negative (PCR method)
tenant V] [clinical significance is not clear by clear and non-intestinal route, such as blood, human contacts, etc.-positive who can be diagnosed as hepatitis. HDV is a kind of threshold of lack of viruses, HBV envelope surface protein to be wrapped, pathogenicity depends on the HBV, or superinfection with HBV co-infection. HDV and HBV co-infection compared with infection severe illness, HDV infection is easy to further the development of chronic liver cirrhosis and even liver cancer.
five serum markers measured
Pok hepatitis E virus (HEV)
[reference value] 1.HEVRNA negative (RT-PCR method) 2 anti-HEVIgG negative (ELISA, RIA method)
[clinical significance] 1.HEV is a calicivirus Division, at least two subtypes, respectively, HEV (B) and HEV (M ) as the representative of HEV isolated in China and HEV (B) living the same subtype 2. by the fecal - oral route. Pok clinical symptoms and epidemiological similarities with hepatitis A, susceptible young adults, pregnant women infected with high mortality. 3. acute hepatitis E and convalescent serum titer of anti-HEVIgG 4 times higher, suggesting that new HEV infection 4. pure anti HEVIgG positive, that is in recovery or a past history.
six, hepatitis B virus (HFV) serum markers measured
1.HFV Pok separation of the end of success, the current lack of specific diagnostic methods.
2. blood transmission, incubation period longer than hepatitis C, an average of 61 days, there was subclinical , the degree of disease and chronic hepatitis C than the light.
3. the exclusion of HCV, HEV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), EB virus (EBV) infection in the case, may consider HFV infection.
seven, hepatitis G virus (HGV) Pok serum markers measured
1, hepatitis G virus RNA (HGVRNA)
[reference] negative (RT-PCR, dot-blot hybridization)
Clinical meaning] or parenteral transmission of blood. HGV pathogenicity is weak, often overlapping with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, the infection can also be a separate, easy to chronic Positive indicates a HGV infection. pathogenicity of HGV is still in question further study.
2, hepatitis G virus antibodies (anti HGVIg)
[reference] negative (EUSA, RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of HGV infection had positive note.
eight Other virus serum markers measured Pok
1, GB virus RNA (GBVRNA)
[reference] negative (RT-PCR)
[Clinical significance of serum hepatitis] currently isolated from the three kinds of GBV , that is, A1B, C. now that GBV-A, GBV-B may have a homology of two flavivirus-like virus; GBV-C is independent of the virus to be studied further.
2, GB virus ( GBV) [reference]
antibody anti-GBV-A negative anti-GBV-B-negative anti-GBV-C negative (ELISA method)
[clinical significance] 1.GBV transmitted primarily through blood transfusions, can cause acute, chronic hepatitis, anti-GBV-A and anti-GBV-B can not be negative except for GBV-C infection. 2.GBV the same time and overlap with HCV infection, GBV-C infection in chronic and easy.
3, HIV antibody (anti-HIV ) [reference] measured
negative (ELISA method, Western blot)
] [Clinical significance of HIV infection after a few weeks to six months to produce antibodies against HIV-positive, without any clinical symptoms, compared with anti-HIV carriers; if symptoms can be diagnosed as AIDS. anti-HIV-positive for several years, decades, or even for life. China and Asia, mostly in patients with serum anti-HIV (1) type.
4, Hanta virus (HTV) 18M antibody (anti-HTVIgM) [reference] measured
negative (ELISA method, immunofluorescence)
] [Clinical significance of epidemic hemorrhagic fever, also known as hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) by hantavirus infection the patient infected fITV 2 ~ 3 days later, to lieutenant colonel in the serum of anti-HTVIgM, 7 ~ 10 Sunderland peak, then begin to decline, the resulting anti-HTVIgG, so anti-HTVIgM of epidemic Early diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever with signs.
5, encephalitis virus IgM antibodies
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. B computer virus IgM antibodies 4 days after onset of illness appeared in the blood of patients, 2 Zhouhou Yang of the rate of 70% to 90% (2) popular area on several latent infection and immunity, it is mostly non-immune children, the incidence , re-infection are rare.
nine, serum Pok bacterial detection
1, typhoid serum agglutination test (Widal) (WR)
[reference] H agglutination titer l1: 160 O agglutination titer l1: 80 A agglutination titer <1:80 B agglutination titer <1:80 c agglutination titer <1:80 (serum agglutination)
(clinical significance] 1 for typhoid, paratyphoid diagnosis. WR-positive disease generally appear in the serum of patients 1 week, the positive rate by weekly increments of up to 70% to 90% double serum antibody titers increased 4-fold when diagnosed, a single serum antibody titer O> 1: 80 and H> 1:160 are diagnostic significance due to typhoid and paratyphoid Salmonella Yin has some of the same antigen (O antigen), it must rely on flagella antibody (H antibody) and A, B, C's. antibody titer to identify. 2 infected with typhoid typhoid vaccine or inoculated were positive. early use of antibiotics or immunosuppressive therapy may be false negative.
2, deformed bars Yan agglutination test (outside Pei reaction) (WFR) < br> [reference] 0x2 <1:160 Ox19, <1:160 Oxk <1:160 (serum agglutination)
double [3] the clinical significance of serum antibody titers increased 4-fold can be diagnosed Positive plaques found in rash typhoid fever, endemic typhus, scrub typhus and other rickettsial diseases; brucellosis, can retrace the titer increased heat; pregnant women can also be slightly increased.
3, brucellosis agglutination test
[reference] negative (latex agglutination test) <1:80 (serum agglutination)
clinical significance [3] Brucellosis is an infectious disease to humans and animals were thinking this bacteria 4 a biological species, 13 biotypes. common type of Yin cattle, sheep, pigs three types. our popular mainly sheep brucellosis, followed by cattle brucellosis. double serum agglutination titer after the second g four times the previous diagnosis of brucellosis can be.
4, anti-chain cones Yin hemolysin 1:400 (serum agglutination)
clinical significance [1] due to group A hemolytic chain cones infections are quite common, so there is a certain amount of normal ASO production, but generally <1:400 2. increased A group of bacteria found in the chain of cones due to bacteremia, sepsis, skin and soft tissue infections such as tonsillitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic myocarditis or arthritis, pericarditis, nephritis, acute renal cones, etc. 3. with indirect hemagglutination method detection of group A hemolytic chain cones Yin extracellular products of anti-chain enzyme test (ASZT) ASO-positive rate can be increased, especially for suspected bacterial infection of the ASO were not high.
5, Neisseria meningitidis antigen, antibody test
[Reference] Determination of antigen-negative (LAT, RIA ELISA, counter immuno electrophoresis): antibody-negative (RIA method)
] [Clinical significance of antigen-positive diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis can be; disease convalescent antibody titer greater than 4 times higher than the acute phase has diagnostic value.
6, Legionella antibody (anti-LP)
[reference value] <1:160 (serum agglutination)
[ ],[br> [reference] 1gG <12.5U/m1 of (-) IgA 12.5 ~ 20U/m1 of (1) IgM> 20U/m1 as (X)
] [Clinical significance of positive found in the stomach, duodenum Helicobacter pylori infection, such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer.
8, tuberculosis Yan antibody (anti-TB)
[reference] [Clinical significance of negative
90%] 40% human serum in tuberculosis antibodies in pleural tuberculosis, abdominal tuberculosis of the body cavity fluid of tuberculous meningitis cerebrospinal fluid, TB significantly higher serum antibody titers.
ten, other micro-organisms detected in serum Pok
1, schistosomiasis antibody < br> [reference] IgE antibodies 0 ~ 150U / L (ELISA method) IgG antibody negative IgM antibodies (ELISA method, LAT method, egg ring precipitation, latex agglutination)
] [Clinical significance of IgM, IgE Tip in the early course of antibody-positive, IgG antibodies that the disease is recovering. japonicum infection in some patients for several years after the IgG antibodies.
2, Treponema pallidum antibodies
[reference] qualitative test was negative ( VDRL method, USB method, RPR method, TRUST Law) confirmatory test was negative (TPHA method, FTA-ARS method)
clinical significance [1]. qualitative test in syphilis infection after l ~ 2 周 positive rate was 76%, secondary syphilis-positive rate of 95% to 100%, late syphilis positive rate of 70% to 95% positive rate in patients with recessive 70% ~ 80%. 2.RPR and USR non-specific antibody test method, so the lepromatous leprosy, malaria, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, yaws, flyback fever, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, mycoplasma pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis syndrome, tuberculosis and other diseases, can be false positive. 3.TPHA and FTA-ARS for the detection of Treponema pallidum-specific antibody test positive for syphilis can be diagnosed.
3, leptospirosis latex agglutination inhibition test (LAIT)
[reference value] < ; 1:40
[clinical significance] higher than the reference value can be diagnosed leptospirosis.
4, cysticercosis antibodies
[] negative serum reference value <1:164 CSF <1 : 8 (ELISA method) negative serum <1:128 CSF <1:8 (PHA law)
[Clinical significance of cerebral cysticercosis] found positive.
5, Toxoplasma antibody (TOXO-Ig)
[reference] negative (P/Ng2.1 positive) (ELISA method)
clinical significance [1]. gondii infection is zoonotic diseases. 2.TOXO-IBM for acute infection of Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis after 1 week of infection, 2 Zhou Dafeng, then declined and continued low titer of approximately 1 year. 3.TOxO-IgG for the diagnosis of past infection of Toxoplasma gondii. l ~ 2 after infection week of February of crab, remains positive for several years. 4 Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women can cause miscarriage, premature birth, fetal death, hydrocephalus or neurodevelopmental disorders.
6, heterophile agglutination test (HAT)
[reference] negative, agglutination titer <1:7
[clinical significance] 1. agglutination titer> 1:56 have diagnostic value, dynamic observation of the suspect set as double serum titer after the second g is also four times the previous can be diagnosed mainly seen in infectious mononucleosis syndrome. 2 About 10% of infectious mononucleosis patients who do not appear heterophile antibodies, mostly the children and babies. 3 In this experiment, non-specific test. serum disease, Hodgkin's disease and acute Schistosoma japonicum infection, leukemia, lymphosarcoma, tuberculosis, viral pneumonia can also occur with higher agglutination titer. absorption test to be done when necessary to identify.
7, agglutination (CAT)
[Reference values] negative, agglutination titer l1: 32 (direct agglutination test tube method)
clinical significance [1]. a check agglutination titer> 1:64; or dynamic observation double serum agglutination titer, after the previous sub-g four times the diagnosis can be mainly seen in mycoplasma pneumonia. 2 In this experiment, non-specific, in some cold agglutinin syndrome were thought up on the agglutination titer dry or thousands; addition influenza, mumps, infectious mononucleosis syndrome, severe anemia, malaria, hookworm, liver cirrhosis, myeloma, also tested positive, low titer.
8, Limulus test (TAL)
negative
[reference value] [description of the clinical significance of positive blood] containing endotoxin.
2012年4月9日星期一
When influenza A (H1N1) , when China invaded
It is not clear, including a certain, Lv Moumou whether these two transmission chains has been formed, will lead to virus spread in a large area of China, but H1N1 flu cases.
This is the Chinese mainland's first confirmed case imported.
H1N1 influenza virus has ravaged Mexico in March and April, the United States, as of this writing the Articles May 15, the epidemic has spread cones to all 34 countries. all cones to switch the focus from the financial crisis to the flu but this new infectious diseases both ancient.
now, it landed in China aboard international flights.
5 13, also in Shandong Province confirmed one case of H1N1 flu cases.
second case diagnosed patients Lv Moumou more than 3 days stay in Beijing, and in the palace rice bowl, Happy Valley and other crowded place to play that night, Beijing TV art, science, education and other channels broadcast on a roll in the English subtitles, ask the same flight with the patient, with the passenger train speed and liaise.
as Articles of press, and Lv Moumou the other riders there are still ten Ji failed to find . part of the Jinan people worry about these risks will become infected, travel began to wear masks, masks significant increase in sales of some pharmacies.
unclear, including certain, Lv Moumou whether these two transmission chains has been formed, will lead to virus spread in a large area of China, but I am doing the rest of my life infectious diseases, the prevalence of a disease not seen the progress so rapidly, the situation is getting tougher. Pok Hospital, Beijing Union Medical College Hospital School of Public Health and Pok Pok Academy where he was engaged in the United States, control of infectious diseases over a decade, in 2003, when China was invited to fight against atypical pneumonia returned since April 30, around the Influenza A (H1N1), Huang began the blog has been updated in 12 articles.
5 11, the World Health Organization announced the H1N1 influenza virus in some preliminary findings:
one, led to the current epidemic is a previously in either humans or animals has never been found a new virus, Division Pok family expect the body's immunity against this virus is very low or no, or only limited to the older crowd;
second The virus seems more contagious than seasonal influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses in general secondary attack rate of 5% to 15%, while the secondary attack rate of the virus 22% ~ 33%;
its Third, the most serious in the current outbreak in Mexico and the United States, there have been some younger people infected cases, while serious illness and even death in young patients is a significant initial outbreak characteristics;
Fourth, the previously healthy people infected with influenza A H1N1 virus in the disease symptoms are mild, and the original people who suffer from some chronic diseases (H1N1) virus infection severe morbidity and even death.
that influenza is characterized by thousands each year on million people sick, but uncommon for young people who died of influenza pandemic in .1918 of a feature is the ability to kill viruses strong adults.
history of French doctors and public health experts Pok Patricia g b Ci Libei thou Man of the French and the public to remain alert enough:
From the available information, there have been cases of human transmission, such as the Brazilian government announced on May 11, two new confirmed cases (ie, 7 and 8 cases) is in about infection, which a woman was swept to her son from infection in Mexico, and his son is found in Brazil, the first cases of infection.
the same time, rapid spread of H1N1 influenza virus .4 end, the United States Only 11 states sporadic confirmed cases, but on May 14, the epidemic has spread to 47 states.
H1N1 influenza virus may be relatively long incubation period in Argentina and Cuba found two cases from onset to diagnosis more than half a month, such as counting from the time of infection, it may be longer.
more optimistic news is that, according to available data, the H1N1 influenza virus caused mortality is not high. Pok pandemic experts Renhe Xiong, deputy director of Beijing Center for Disease Control to the but it does not think so sharply, mortality is relatively low.
Prior to the April 27, 29, twice the World Health Organization increased the pandemic alert level to improve from the first three to level 5. control of the content, said the first wave of influenza pandemic is likely in 3 to 5 weeks in the North American recession, because the flu virus can not survive high temperatures and humidity; but the H1N1 influenza is likely to be in Australia and New Zealand continued sporadic outbreaks; second wave will be highly pathogenic features of the re-emergence in the fall and in the northern half of cones across all of cones.
LaPorte initiated and chaired professor, is an Internet-based curb the epidemic, all cones Pok patients health information platform, now has 174 countries around the world more than 40,000 members, located in Beijing China Super Course Pok Union Medical Hospital Super program launched H1N1 influenza prevention and control of the Chinese version of the Huang began the organization and coordination.
historical records, the 1918 is the most deadly in human history, a public health event, at the time all cones about 1.8 billion population size, it at least 20 million people died, and even data that the death toll of 100 million .1918 in the initial years of the beginning of the epidemic of influenza is relatively flat, but in six months after the second wave of the epidemic outbreak, has been with the strong lethal.
raging against the H1N1 influenza, the World Health Organization announced on May 11 some of the preliminary conclusions of the study also expressed two concerns:
first, with the influenza A H1N1 the south half of cones spread of influenza viruses, it will work with local popular combination of seasonal influenza viruses, which occurred a change;
second, in the event of pandemic influenza (H1N1), has in some countries of the poultry the roots of the H5N1 avian flu virus, will also take the opportunity to launch an attack, is difficult to predict.
Mexican Health Minister Cordova Branch Chelsea in the May 13 press conference said that the current H1N1 virus may already exist variation, pneumonia pay a painful price in China, its prevention and control of influenza A (H1N1) concerns the performance by the whole cones.
4 25, the Ministry of Health for the first time publicly mentioned the influenza epidemic, said the relevant departments attach great importance to close communication are experts on the virus sequence analysis, analyzing the impact of the epidemic.
Subsequently, the epidemic situation in the Ministry of Health Web site is updated daily.
4 30, the Ministry of Health issued a public notice, the influenza A H1N1 included in the statutory infectious influenza B, and take measures for prevention and control infectious diseases; the same time, will be included in from the Ministry of Health called on all localities of the H1N1 flu quarantine in close contact with day observation conditions of the report and 零讲演轨制.
since April 28 since the CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Hu Jintao twice for important instructions on this, three times Premier Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting to study the deployment of H1N1 influenza prevention and control work, Hu Jintao, Vice Premier Li Keqiang has inspected the body, holding forums and expert advice and met with the staff.
, China's top leaders had taken a series of high-profile steps that China will take seriously and make every effort to contain the epidemic.
Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and other related institutions are also actively working with the World Health Organization Contact prevention and control matters, hold video conference to deploy prevention and control, and through the press conference, interviews and other forms of centralized arrangements, timely delivery of information to the community.
which when officials play down SARS epidemic, and even shielding the information released distortion of information would differ.
that time, only 309 were admitted to a hospital on 60 patients, and the death toll reached fifty-six cases, when he was Minister of Health Zhang Wenkang on April 2, China Central Television's million people in Beijing, the proportion of 22 cases is not large, and has been effectively controlled, there is no need to worry. to Zhang Wenkang duties, agricultural duties Pok Mon removed.
resigned two sensational news was the world's major news, the whole of China and the world have all the important media reports or commentaries.
Division Pok prevention and control
to achieve effective prevention and control. coping strategies, the main should also rely on traditional public health tools, return to common sense, such as to ensure clean air, clean water, safe food, adequate nutrition, health, housing, sewage and waste Division Pok processing, the establishment of accurate and reliable monitoring and control system disease outbreaks, improve quality of national health, encourage healthy lifestyles and health habits.
mainly on traditional public health measures, but also taking into account the vaccines, drugs and other high-tech r l hardware, which is very subjects Pok, rational and pragmatic. During pneumonia, the media often quoted as evidence the words of experts, now is the data speak. There is no evidence that eating pork problem. to speak of this with the evidence, relying on evidence reflected in the attitude of people making decisions are more mature, more rational. rapid diagnosis Daozhui find the practice of close contacts with the world. immediately curb its epidemic investigation and observation, we can not do this at the time, this time we did.
May 14, according to the latest news in Chengdu, China's first confirmed illness in patients with certain packages discharge has entered the countdown. Tian Ming, vice president of Chengdu Infectious Diseases Hospital on the his taste, does not affect the treatment effect in the premise, he produced specifically for feeding due to patients in stable condition, physical condition improved, eating also increased in the morning eat two eggs and a loaf of bread. > package certain take off in Chengdu during his taxi, the taxi driver is also currently receiving health Pok isolation. May 13, through the hotel switchboard, reporter and taxi driver was isolated through the words. taxi driver said: Hotel, staff reporter saw at the entrance, some doctors to accept carrying relatives of Pok observation newspapers, snacks, etc., where the registration. some of them can carry a daily and entertainment products. to visit a certain package, medical personnel and doctors to accept the staff Pok observed.
domestic commented that many of the media published, and six years ago when compared to the atypical pneumonia, such as a large number of fast-moving people, between urban and rural areas economic imbalances, the gap between the concept of prevention and other issues still exist, but people-oriented concept, the government released information in a timely manner, report the epidemic prevention and control subjects Pok, departmental collaboration in making progress.
diplomatic protest thread of thousands, mostly for criticism of their irresponsible, not to discriminate against some users post requires students to stay Pok.
.
As China passenger flights to Mexico AM098 Pok observe quarantine doctors temporarily stop flights between Mexico and stop imports of Mexican pork and other measures, led to a Mexican Espinosa said the Mexican nationals in China because of discriminatory treatment, it is recommended people not to travel to China until these measures have been changed.
fact, Recently, there have been voices questioned the international anti-Chinese government control measures close attention and the highest level to take immediate preventive measures; and the World Health Organization, Mexico has not put emphasis on prevention to the most senior level, should not restrict imports of pork, the U.S., the Canadian government holds the same view.
another example, China stressed that first of all to protect the public interest and safety, while the West is more emphasis on individual rights and freedoms, so in the prevention concept, they believe in a person without disease symptoms appear, he would have the right to freedom of movement, can not restrict their freedoms and rights.
Hong Kong Pok Ho Pak-leung, director of infection and infectious disease center that the current epidemic of the United States clearly has the most serious foreign national co-epidemic prevention and control perspective is irresponsible.
but the United States.
current economic situation in Mexico is not good. International Monetary Fund released in April economy will decline 3.7%, while the western half of cones of developing countries and regional average decline 1.5%.
6 years ago as many countries as a scourge to prevent escape, isolation of China, it seems that most feel Mexico should understand the Chinese government The action is the first to provide assistance to Mexico.
only, even people remember that China was the first country to provide assistance to Mexico. certainty.
According to the World Health Organization estimated that in 2003 the outbreak of atypical pneumonia, caused all cones economic losses of $ 30 billion, while that the epidemic is a relatively short duration of six months, the spread of to more than 30 countries or regions, leading to nearly ten thousand people are infected, one thousand deaths.
despite economic Pok home that now is not the predicted economic impact of the epidemic on the time, because the scale of the epidemic, ongoing time is not yet clear, but there is still home to determine the economic Pok, influenza A (H1N1) economic harm to the whole cones may be higher than atypical pneumonia.
placed in front of China, is epidemic prevention and control, economic boost and reconstruction three problems in the Chinese invasion of H1N1 influenza, China will be how to respondents, we remain concerned about.
prevention and control of influenza A (H1N1) Memorabilia
4 月 25 Ministry of Health informed the first influenza H1N1 epidemic situation, said then informed the World Health Organization, the United States and Mexico were infected with A/H1N1 swine flu epidemic.
4 月 27 Day World Health Organization influenza pandemic alert level from phase 3 to phase 4.
April 28, Hu Jintao made important instructions on this, Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting to study the deployment of prevention and control work.
4 月 29 Day World Health Organization pandemic alert level raised to five again. Li test prevention and control of the police agency.
4 月 30 The World Health Organization announced with the H1N1 flu the same day, the Ministry of Health issued a public notice, the H1N1 influenza into the held a forum to listen to expert advice academicians.
5 月 5 日 Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting Reconsideration prevention and control work.
5 月 10 on the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention latest data showed that the country more than Mexico became the world's confirmed cases of influenza than any other country.
5 月 11 China confirmed the first case of influenza type H1N1 flu, Hu made important instructions. Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting, study and plan to further strengthen the prevention and control measures by Li Keqiang, Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao commissioned to visit patients diagnosed.
This is the Chinese mainland's first confirmed case imported.
H1N1 influenza virus has ravaged Mexico in March and April, the United States, as of this writing the Articles May 15, the epidemic has spread cones to all 34 countries. all cones to switch the focus from the financial crisis to the flu but this new infectious diseases both ancient.
now, it landed in China aboard international flights.
5 13, also in Shandong Province confirmed one case of H1N1 flu cases.
second case diagnosed patients Lv Moumou more than 3 days stay in Beijing, and in the palace rice bowl, Happy Valley and other crowded place to play that night, Beijing TV art, science, education and other channels broadcast on a roll in the English subtitles, ask the same flight with the patient, with the passenger train speed and liaise.
as Articles of press, and Lv Moumou the other riders there are still ten Ji failed to find . part of the Jinan people worry about these risks will become infected, travel began to wear masks, masks significant increase in sales of some pharmacies.
unclear, including certain, Lv Moumou whether these two transmission chains has been formed, will lead to virus spread in a large area of China, but I am doing the rest of my life infectious diseases, the prevalence of a disease not seen the progress so rapidly, the situation is getting tougher. Pok Hospital, Beijing Union Medical College Hospital School of Public Health and Pok Pok Academy where he was engaged in the United States, control of infectious diseases over a decade, in 2003, when China was invited to fight against atypical pneumonia returned since April 30, around the Influenza A (H1N1), Huang began the blog has been updated in 12 articles.
5 11, the World Health Organization announced the H1N1 influenza virus in some preliminary findings:
one, led to the current epidemic is a previously in either humans or animals has never been found a new virus, Division Pok family expect the body's immunity against this virus is very low or no, or only limited to the older crowd;
second The virus seems more contagious than seasonal influenza virus and seasonal influenza viruses in general secondary attack rate of 5% to 15%, while the secondary attack rate of the virus 22% ~ 33%;
its Third, the most serious in the current outbreak in Mexico and the United States, there have been some younger people infected cases, while serious illness and even death in young patients is a significant initial outbreak characteristics;
Fourth, the previously healthy people infected with influenza A H1N1 virus in the disease symptoms are mild, and the original people who suffer from some chronic diseases (H1N1) virus infection severe morbidity and even death.
that influenza is characterized by thousands each year on million people sick, but uncommon for young people who died of influenza pandemic in .1918 of a feature is the ability to kill viruses strong adults.
history of French doctors and public health experts Pok Patricia g b Ci Libei thou Man of the French and the public to remain alert enough:
From the available information, there have been cases of human transmission, such as the Brazilian government announced on May 11, two new confirmed cases (ie, 7 and 8 cases) is in about infection, which a woman was swept to her son from infection in Mexico, and his son is found in Brazil, the first cases of infection.
the same time, rapid spread of H1N1 influenza virus .4 end, the United States Only 11 states sporadic confirmed cases, but on May 14, the epidemic has spread to 47 states.
H1N1 influenza virus may be relatively long incubation period in Argentina and Cuba found two cases from onset to diagnosis more than half a month, such as counting from the time of infection, it may be longer.
more optimistic news is that, according to available data, the H1N1 influenza virus caused mortality is not high. Pok pandemic experts Renhe Xiong, deputy director of Beijing Center for Disease Control to the but it does not think so sharply, mortality is relatively low.
Prior to the April 27, 29, twice the World Health Organization increased the pandemic alert level to improve from the first three to level 5. control of the content, said the first wave of influenza pandemic is likely in 3 to 5 weeks in the North American recession, because the flu virus can not survive high temperatures and humidity; but the H1N1 influenza is likely to be in Australia and New Zealand continued sporadic outbreaks; second wave will be highly pathogenic features of the re-emergence in the fall and in the northern half of cones across all of cones.
LaPorte initiated and chaired professor, is an Internet-based curb the epidemic, all cones Pok patients health information platform, now has 174 countries around the world more than 40,000 members, located in Beijing China Super Course Pok Union Medical Hospital Super program launched H1N1 influenza prevention and control of the Chinese version of the Huang began the organization and coordination.
historical records, the 1918 is the most deadly in human history, a public health event, at the time all cones about 1.8 billion population size, it at least 20 million people died, and even data that the death toll of 100 million .1918 in the initial years of the beginning of the epidemic of influenza is relatively flat, but in six months after the second wave of the epidemic outbreak, has been with the strong lethal.
raging against the H1N1 influenza, the World Health Organization announced on May 11 some of the preliminary conclusions of the study also expressed two concerns:
first, with the influenza A H1N1 the south half of cones spread of influenza viruses, it will work with local popular combination of seasonal influenza viruses, which occurred a change;
second, in the event of pandemic influenza (H1N1), has in some countries of the poultry the roots of the H5N1 avian flu virus, will also take the opportunity to launch an attack, is difficult to predict.
Mexican Health Minister Cordova Branch Chelsea in the May 13 press conference said that the current H1N1 virus may already exist variation, pneumonia pay a painful price in China, its prevention and control of influenza A (H1N1) concerns the performance by the whole cones.
4 25, the Ministry of Health for the first time publicly mentioned the influenza epidemic, said the relevant departments attach great importance to close communication are experts on the virus sequence analysis, analyzing the impact of the epidemic.
Subsequently, the epidemic situation in the Ministry of Health Web site is updated daily.
4 30, the Ministry of Health issued a public notice, the influenza A H1N1 included in the statutory infectious influenza B, and take measures for prevention and control infectious diseases; the same time, will be included in from the Ministry of Health called on all localities of the H1N1 flu quarantine in close contact with day observation conditions of the report and 零讲演轨制.
since April 28 since the CPC Central Committee General Secretary and State President and CMC Chairman Hu Jintao twice for important instructions on this, three times Premier Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting to study the deployment of H1N1 influenza prevention and control work, Hu Jintao, Vice Premier Li Keqiang has inspected the body, holding forums and expert advice and met with the staff.
, China's top leaders had taken a series of high-profile steps that China will take seriously and make every effort to contain the epidemic.
Ministry of Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and other related institutions are also actively working with the World Health Organization Contact prevention and control matters, hold video conference to deploy prevention and control, and through the press conference, interviews and other forms of centralized arrangements, timely delivery of information to the community.
which when officials play down SARS epidemic, and even shielding the information released distortion of information would differ.
that time, only 309 were admitted to a hospital on 60 patients, and the death toll reached fifty-six cases, when he was Minister of Health Zhang Wenkang on April 2, China Central Television's million people in Beijing, the proportion of 22 cases is not large, and has been effectively controlled, there is no need to worry. to Zhang Wenkang duties, agricultural duties Pok Mon removed.
resigned two sensational news was the world's major news, the whole of China and the world have all the important media reports or commentaries.
Division Pok prevention and control
to achieve effective prevention and control. coping strategies, the main should also rely on traditional public health tools, return to common sense, such as to ensure clean air, clean water, safe food, adequate nutrition, health, housing, sewage and waste Division Pok processing, the establishment of accurate and reliable monitoring and control system disease outbreaks, improve quality of national health, encourage healthy lifestyles and health habits.
mainly on traditional public health measures, but also taking into account the vaccines, drugs and other high-tech r l hardware, which is very subjects Pok, rational and pragmatic. During pneumonia, the media often quoted as evidence the words of experts, now is the data speak. There is no evidence that eating pork problem. to speak of this with the evidence, relying on evidence reflected in the attitude of people making decisions are more mature, more rational. rapid diagnosis Daozhui find the practice of close contacts with the world. immediately curb its epidemic investigation and observation, we can not do this at the time, this time we did.
May 14, according to the latest news in Chengdu, China's first confirmed illness in patients with certain packages discharge has entered the countdown. Tian Ming, vice president of Chengdu Infectious Diseases Hospital on the his taste, does not affect the treatment effect in the premise, he produced specifically for feeding due to patients in stable condition, physical condition improved, eating also increased in the morning eat two eggs and a loaf of bread. > package certain take off in Chengdu during his taxi, the taxi driver is also currently receiving health Pok isolation. May 13, through the hotel switchboard, reporter and taxi driver was isolated through the words. taxi driver said: Hotel, staff reporter saw at the entrance, some doctors to accept carrying relatives of Pok observation newspapers, snacks, etc., where the registration. some of them can carry a daily and entertainment products. to visit a certain package, medical personnel and doctors to accept the staff Pok observed.
domestic commented that many of the media published, and six years ago when compared to the atypical pneumonia, such as a large number of fast-moving people, between urban and rural areas economic imbalances, the gap between the concept of prevention and other issues still exist, but people-oriented concept, the government released information in a timely manner, report the epidemic prevention and control subjects Pok, departmental collaboration in making progress.
diplomatic protest thread of thousands, mostly for criticism of their irresponsible, not to discriminate against some users post requires students to stay Pok.
.
As China passenger flights to Mexico AM098 Pok observe quarantine doctors temporarily stop flights between Mexico and stop imports of Mexican pork and other measures, led to a Mexican Espinosa said the Mexican nationals in China because of discriminatory treatment, it is recommended people not to travel to China until these measures have been changed.
fact, Recently, there have been voices questioned the international anti-Chinese government control measures close attention and the highest level to take immediate preventive measures; and the World Health Organization, Mexico has not put emphasis on prevention to the most senior level, should not restrict imports of pork, the U.S., the Canadian government holds the same view.
another example, China stressed that first of all to protect the public interest and safety, while the West is more emphasis on individual rights and freedoms, so in the prevention concept, they believe in a person without disease symptoms appear, he would have the right to freedom of movement, can not restrict their freedoms and rights.
Hong Kong Pok Ho Pak-leung, director of infection and infectious disease center that the current epidemic of the United States clearly has the most serious foreign national co-epidemic prevention and control perspective is irresponsible.
but the United States.
current economic situation in Mexico is not good. International Monetary Fund released in April economy will decline 3.7%, while the western half of cones of developing countries and regional average decline 1.5%.
6 years ago as many countries as a scourge to prevent escape, isolation of China, it seems that most feel Mexico should understand the Chinese government The action is the first to provide assistance to Mexico.
only, even people remember that China was the first country to provide assistance to Mexico. certainty.
According to the World Health Organization estimated that in 2003 the outbreak of atypical pneumonia, caused all cones economic losses of $ 30 billion, while that the epidemic is a relatively short duration of six months, the spread of to more than 30 countries or regions, leading to nearly ten thousand people are infected, one thousand deaths.
despite economic Pok home that now is not the predicted economic impact of the epidemic on the time, because the scale of the epidemic, ongoing time is not yet clear, but there is still home to determine the economic Pok, influenza A (H1N1) economic harm to the whole cones may be higher than atypical pneumonia.
placed in front of China, is epidemic prevention and control, economic boost and reconstruction three problems in the Chinese invasion of H1N1 influenza, China will be how to respondents, we remain concerned about.
prevention and control of influenza A (H1N1) Memorabilia
4 月 25 Ministry of Health informed the first influenza H1N1 epidemic situation, said then informed the World Health Organization, the United States and Mexico were infected with A/H1N1 swine flu epidemic.
4 月 27 Day World Health Organization influenza pandemic alert level from phase 3 to phase 4.
April 28, Hu Jintao made important instructions on this, Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting to study the deployment of prevention and control work.
4 月 29 Day World Health Organization pandemic alert level raised to five again. Li test prevention and control of the police agency.
4 月 30 The World Health Organization announced with the H1N1 flu the same day, the Ministry of Health issued a public notice, the H1N1 influenza into the held a forum to listen to expert advice academicians.
5 月 5 日 Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting Reconsideration prevention and control work.
5 月 10 on the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention latest data showed that the country more than Mexico became the world's confirmed cases of influenza than any other country.
5 月 11 China confirmed the first case of influenza type H1N1 flu, Hu made important instructions. Wen Jiabao chaired a State Council executive meeting, study and plan to further strengthen the prevention and control measures by Li Keqiang, Hu Jintao, Wen Jiabao commissioned to visit patients diagnosed.
2012年2月14日星期二
I do not how a lady
-
I hate girls eating dumplings -
also in ten to mouth -
I a a -
I think yellow is also very funny joke -
trouble to his mother on a yellow piece cover their ears -
I am anxious to jump dirty children -
Ma were fresh a -
I can say that I am poor I can not stop a mouth -
I saw not a kind of three-legged kick fart's like pumping her -
I like a pair of black flower -
grumble the most despised pink dress with no friends did not like children pig hair The -
a fall get up and patted my pants are not sore and continued to move forward -
Ah woman fell and cried some days call places -
you are a father and mother are dead what -
pear rain Look especially like what I really want to cut you -
< br> My mother was bullied on the bus I do not beat him -
with my daughter when my mother do -
I drink -
red, white beer -
I never walk strode -
temperament and the walk that I leave the diaphragm should be -
I dislike to see who I pay any attention to -
install fails with no one better -
lady was not hypocritical character -
my anger on the anger -
squeeze fake smile to -
I wanted to laugh I laugh -
burst into laughter LOL -
laugh over his mouth when the teeth are afraid that you fly to collapse is the youngest -
I see who who feel especially bad mood what I do not say it directly -
Debating later said bad things about others that I have really difficult hair thing out -
I eat a lot of hiccups in front of people I was vested with the pat belly -
I pretend not to come out kind of small jasper -
and boys talk I dare to say what to say -
joke or something I can afford to open -
to those boys a joke Ah -
Ah Oh not to mention the really nasty on the I die to one side -
my life on things like Ma Ma Lili quick -
Hell Do I dragged in the back -
careful I kick you to the galaxy from afar -
I saw my former lover and like my -
I like people -
I can patted his shoulder and he said -
early ah Brothers -
not eating -
that seen previously Valentine's uncle on Saya Zi ran out of strength I have to say anything -
I like the roles were reversed -
sometimes I am happy to claim my God -
girl I like to tweak my legs -
life Ku forced air pressure so I did not say difficult -
only brushing dare audacious froth at the mouth -
When the girl did not want to bitch not rich woman -
I am not a lady how the -
Hell -
was too tender a pinch on the water -
I was counseling a pinch on the nose too hot -
but I never feel that life is dark without the light of day let an -
me this day with my family had a large Biao was also very comfortable -
I am not a lady how the -
I was also quite large Biao like me -
me how his mother is not a lady -
I hate girls eating dumplings -
also in ten to mouth -
I a a -
I think yellow is also very funny joke -
trouble to his mother on a yellow piece cover their ears -
I am anxious to jump dirty children -
Ma were fresh a -
I can say that I am poor I can not stop a mouth -
I saw not a kind of three-legged kick fart's like pumping her -
I like a pair of black flower -
grumble the most despised pink dress with no friends did not like children pig hair The -
a fall get up and patted my pants are not sore and continued to move forward -
Ah woman fell and cried some days call places -
you are a father and mother are dead what -
pear rain Look especially like what I really want to cut you -
< br> My mother was bullied on the bus I do not beat him -
with my daughter when my mother do -
I drink -
red, white beer -
I never walk strode -
temperament and the walk that I leave the diaphragm should be -
I dislike to see who I pay any attention to -
install fails with no one better -
lady was not hypocritical character -
my anger on the anger -
squeeze fake smile to -
I wanted to laugh I laugh -
burst into laughter LOL -
laugh over his mouth when the teeth are afraid that you fly to collapse is the youngest -
I see who who feel especially bad mood what I do not say it directly -
Debating later said bad things about others that I have really difficult hair thing out -
I eat a lot of hiccups in front of people I was vested with the pat belly -
I pretend not to come out kind of small jasper -
and boys talk I dare to say what to say -
joke or something I can afford to open -
to those boys a joke Ah -
Ah Oh not to mention the really nasty on the I die to one side -
my life on things like Ma Ma Lili quick -
Hell Do I dragged in the back -
careful I kick you to the galaxy from afar -
I saw my former lover and like my -
I like people -
I can patted his shoulder and he said -
early ah Brothers -
not eating -
that seen previously Valentine's uncle on Saya Zi ran out of strength I have to say anything -
I like the roles were reversed -
sometimes I am happy to claim my God -
girl I like to tweak my legs -
life Ku forced air pressure so I did not say difficult -
only brushing dare audacious froth at the mouth -
When the girl did not want to bitch not rich woman -
I am not a lady how the -
Hell -
was too tender a pinch on the water -
I was counseling a pinch on the nose too hot -
but I never feel that life is dark without the light of day let an -
me this day with my family had a large Biao was also very comfortable -
I am not a lady how the -
I was also quite large Biao like me -
me how his mother is not a lady -
Cold truth
Cold truth
people always think that the common cold is caused by a rhinovirus infection, the corresponding nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose and other symptoms of the performance of the immune system fight the virus. Pok American who recently discovered that rhinovirus infection may change gene expression in the human body, leading to the above symptoms. related papers published in the br>. rhinovirus gene expression changes in human
. upregulation of anti-viral gene viperin inhibits rhinovirus replication
common cold caused by rhinovirus is the main reason
human rhinovirus (HRV) infection is the occurrence of common cold the main reason. HRV infection occurs mainly in the respiratory epithelium, but not as influenza virus infection of epithelial cells, as cytotoxicity. has been hypothesized that the virus has changed Pok biological properties of epithelial cells to induce the upper respiratory tract inflammation, making the cold Symptoms occur or worsen.
studies have shown that HRV infection, the epithelial cells produce a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which seems to confirm the above hypothesis, but after HRV infection, epithelial cells can induce a number of molecules, including human b-defensin-2 (b-defensin 2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase, etc., to help the host defense response and anti-viral response, but the immune response caused by HRV specific mechanism remains unclear.
for ordinary people, HRV infection may not cause very serious problems, such as nasal congestion, runny nose symptoms often also a class a week, but for their asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, HRV Infection often leads to acute respiratory inherent, even life-threatening.
Therefore, to clarify the specific mechanism of HRV infection helps people be more effective in treating colds, can also help patients with COPD and asthma and other respiratory diseases to avoid Wind Yan.
rhinovirus gene expression changes in human HRV infection
To further study the molecular mechanism of card thou Gary from Canada (Calgary) great Pok Proud (Proud), etc. with microarray (microarray) technology detection of HRV infection of airway epithelial cells were found HRV infection may alter the expression of many genes in the human body, these genes are often associated with the immune response, including chemokines and other anti-viral protein is produced.
the forward-looking, cross- sectional study included 35 volunteers were randomly divided to infection or to the Zhao group (injection of HRV-16 or placebo) in the injection before and after, respectively, whichever nasal epithelial cells, detection of gene expression. < br> injection of the virus appeared in subjects who have flu symptoms. Gene expression analysis showed that 8 hours after infection, gene expression status has not changed compared with baseline, but 2 days after infection, injection of the virus by nasal epithelial cells, representing the 6530 discrete genes (discrete genes) of 11 887 gene transcripts (gene transcripts) expression and those of Zhao significant differences.
changes in the expression of these genes, the researchers found that 471 transcripts were up-regulated at least 2-fold and 201 transcripts were down-regulated by 50 percent. upregulated genes, or control the raised chemokine inflammatory cells, or induction of interferon production, there are still some functions can produce anti-HRV protein, such as 2,5 - oligo adenosine synthase family and viperin (who has translated Viper toxins) Other genes with increased expression of cytokines and virus signal transduction and regulation of apoptosis.
In contrast, most of the downregulation of genes of unknown function, a small number of control has nothing to do with the inflammatory response of the receptor
antiviral gene viperin expression for
Previous research reports, viperin has antiviral activity, but its HRV replication is not yet clear. viperin and researchers further analyzed the relationship between HRV infection and found that viperin gene expression with some cold symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing and cold) were significantly related (P <0.05).
In addition, naturally occurring HRV infection and have symptoms of nasal epithelial cells, viperin gene messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased significantly (P <0.01) (Figure 1).
to confirm HRV infection may viperin gene in epithelial cells increased, the researchers used HRV infection in vitro conditions, primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and found that, HRV-16 infection can cause significant infection of the viperin gene expression time-dependent increase In the baseline culture conditions, HBE cells did not express viperin gene Ji almost from the HRV-16 to 12 hours after infection to 48 hours, HBE cells viperin gene mRNA levels increased significantly (P <0.02) (Figure 2). < br> by small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene suppression (knockdown) technology, the researchers found that inhibition of viperin gene expression can be a significant increase in HRV replication (P <0.02) (Figure 3), thus confirming the viperin gene in the inhibition of HRV replication role.
new ideas for treatment of cold
the past it was felt that a series of cold symptoms is the performance of the immune system work. The researchers infected by HRV-depth study found that the virus infection can alter the expression of a gene which, viperin gene expression in vivo and in vitro conditions can be increased, and the rate increases with the length of time HRV infection increased. inhibit the viperin gene expression will contribute to HRV in the human body Replication.
researchers believe that the findings reveal the host response to HRV infection, but also found some new genes, which are likely to make for the future treatment of cold new ideas.
Figure 1 infection by HRV viperin gene expression increases
Figure 2 viperin gene expression and infection time-dependent inhibition of viperin
Figure 3 gene expression will contribute to HRV HRV infection can copy
viperin gene expression in the human body increases, and the increase rate of infection with HRV time related to the expression 48 hours after infection most Inhibition of viperin gene expression will significantly increase HRV replication in the human body, suggesting that viperin in the fight against HRV infection plays an important role.
(Source: Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008,178:965-966)
people always think that the common cold is caused by a rhinovirus infection, the corresponding nasal congestion, sneezing, runny nose and other symptoms of the performance of the immune system fight the virus. Pok American who recently discovered that rhinovirus infection may change gene expression in the human body, leading to the above symptoms. related papers published in the br>. rhinovirus gene expression changes in human
. upregulation of anti-viral gene viperin inhibits rhinovirus replication
common cold caused by rhinovirus is the main reason
human rhinovirus (HRV) infection is the occurrence of common cold the main reason. HRV infection occurs mainly in the respiratory epithelium, but not as influenza virus infection of epithelial cells, as cytotoxicity. has been hypothesized that the virus has changed Pok biological properties of epithelial cells to induce the upper respiratory tract inflammation, making the cold Symptoms occur or worsen.
studies have shown that HRV infection, the epithelial cells produce a series of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which seems to confirm the above hypothesis, but after HRV infection, epithelial cells can induce a number of molecules, including human b-defensin-2 (b-defensin 2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase, etc., to help the host defense response and anti-viral response, but the immune response caused by HRV specific mechanism remains unclear.
for ordinary people, HRV infection may not cause very serious problems, such as nasal congestion, runny nose symptoms often also a class a week, but for their asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, HRV Infection often leads to acute respiratory inherent, even life-threatening.
Therefore, to clarify the specific mechanism of HRV infection helps people be more effective in treating colds, can also help patients with COPD and asthma and other respiratory diseases to avoid Wind Yan.
rhinovirus gene expression changes in human HRV infection
To further study the molecular mechanism of card thou Gary from Canada (Calgary) great Pok Proud (Proud), etc. with microarray (microarray) technology detection of HRV infection of airway epithelial cells were found HRV infection may alter the expression of many genes in the human body, these genes are often associated with the immune response, including chemokines and other anti-viral protein is produced.
the forward-looking, cross- sectional study included 35 volunteers were randomly divided to infection or to the Zhao group (injection of HRV-16 or placebo) in the injection before and after, respectively, whichever nasal epithelial cells, detection of gene expression. < br> injection of the virus appeared in subjects who have flu symptoms. Gene expression analysis showed that 8 hours after infection, gene expression status has not changed compared with baseline, but 2 days after infection, injection of the virus by nasal epithelial cells, representing the 6530 discrete genes (discrete genes) of 11 887 gene transcripts (gene transcripts) expression and those of Zhao significant differences.
changes in the expression of these genes, the researchers found that 471 transcripts were up-regulated at least 2-fold and 201 transcripts were down-regulated by 50 percent. upregulated genes, or control the raised chemokine inflammatory cells, or induction of interferon production, there are still some functions can produce anti-HRV protein, such as 2,5 - oligo adenosine synthase family and viperin (who has translated Viper toxins) Other genes with increased expression of cytokines and virus signal transduction and regulation of apoptosis.
In contrast, most of the downregulation of genes of unknown function, a small number of control has nothing to do with the inflammatory response of the receptor
antiviral gene viperin expression for
Previous research reports, viperin has antiviral activity, but its HRV replication is not yet clear. viperin and researchers further analyzed the relationship between HRV infection and found that viperin gene expression with some cold symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing and cold) were significantly related (P <0.05).
In addition, naturally occurring HRV infection and have symptoms of nasal epithelial cells, viperin gene messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased significantly (P <0.01) (Figure 1).
to confirm HRV infection may viperin gene in epithelial cells increased, the researchers used HRV infection in vitro conditions, primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and found that, HRV-16 infection can cause significant infection of the viperin gene expression time-dependent increase In the baseline culture conditions, HBE cells did not express viperin gene Ji almost from the HRV-16 to 12 hours after infection to 48 hours, HBE cells viperin gene mRNA levels increased significantly (P <0.02) (Figure 2). < br> by small interfering RNA (siRNA) gene suppression (knockdown) technology, the researchers found that inhibition of viperin gene expression can be a significant increase in HRV replication (P <0.02) (Figure 3), thus confirming the viperin gene in the inhibition of HRV replication role.
new ideas for treatment of cold
the past it was felt that a series of cold symptoms is the performance of the immune system work. The researchers infected by HRV-depth study found that the virus infection can alter the expression of a gene which, viperin gene expression in vivo and in vitro conditions can be increased, and the rate increases with the length of time HRV infection increased. inhibit the viperin gene expression will contribute to HRV in the human body Replication.
researchers believe that the findings reveal the host response to HRV infection, but also found some new genes, which are likely to make for the future treatment of cold new ideas.
Figure 1 infection by HRV viperin gene expression increases
Figure 2 viperin gene expression and infection time-dependent inhibition of viperin
Figure 3 gene expression will contribute to HRV HRV infection can copy
viperin gene expression in the human body increases, and the increase rate of infection with HRV time related to the expression 48 hours after infection most Inhibition of viperin gene expression will significantly increase HRV replication in the human body, suggesting that viperin in the fight against HRV infection plays an important role.
(Source: Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008,178:965-966)
Zhang Xinghua researcher teach you how to prevent cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease prevention and health:
cardiovascular disease are life-long disease, although many current treatment methods, technology and more advanced, but difficult to achieve the purpose of complete cure, seriously affecting the patient's quality of life, but he is can be prevented and controlled. prevention include primary prevention and secondary prevention.
primary prevention: no place for the prevention of this disease are to remove Yan treatable risk factors, reduce the incidence of this disease, strengthen the heart cerebral blood control disease prevention knowledge, advocacy, full use of various forms of the disease to the masses of the risk factors and early detection of Xian, the knowledge of the importance of early treatment.
promoting a healthy lifestyle:
① reasonable diet: to be reasonable with diet, limit fat, sugar and salt into excessive deterrence. 6g of salt per person per day below a family of three one-month total amount of salt in 250g or less, plus the 500mI soy sauce (pickled products should be included .) Eat more potassium, calcium, vitamin G-rich foods to help lower blood pressure, such as potatoes, bananas, yogurt, kelp, seaweed, fungus, mushrooms, yams, soybeans, walnuts, fish, shrimp, tomatoes , orange juice, celery, onion, carrots, etc. drink less coffee, coffee can increase blood pressure. 2 ~ 2 a day to eat garlic can lower blood pressure, sterilization, anti-cancer, In addition to weight control, eating each meal seventy-eight sub-Bao.
② regular exercise: should choose on their own sports, such as walking, tai chi and other aerobic exercise, to persevere, persist in 30 to 60 minutes per day is appropriate; exercise to achieve good metabolic indicators (one of the most appropriate exercise heart rate can be bending and force.
③ smoking restrictions wine: white wine a day not more than one or two, not more than 1 bottle of beer is recommended to consume red wine is good.
④ maintain a peaceful state of mind: to be good relief work and life pressure in a tight spare time, will try to curb relax, walk, or more appropriate to participate in outdoor sports activities, the release of stress. to fame and fortune, to develop peace of mind, less quarrel with others.
⑤ develop good habits: Life must be rules to ensure adequate sleep, keeping the body's metabolism and organs function of a normal operation, prevent dry stools.
control the occurrence of disease risk Yan factors: there are five major risk factor Yan, which are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity and smoking.
hypertension: it is the primary cause heart disease risk factors, Yan, because it is unknowingly, so called quietly killer. control rate) and three treatment errors (ill do not want medication, no medication is not uncomfortable, not by disease medication) features. which health literacy, attention to each examination, regular measurement of blood pressure, patients with early detection and timely adoption Take regular, effective treatment measures to control blood pressure in the normal range, to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease is essential.
hyperlipidemia: he is led to atherosclerosis of the main factors is the heart the development of cerebrovascular disease risk factors, Yan He incidence of occult, are not clinical symptoms, so that hyperlipidemia as the , low-salt diet; eat more fruits, vegetables and foods with more fiber; weight control, proper exercise, etc. For patients with elevated blood lipids has been to strictly limit the animal fat, if necessary, taking lipid-lowering drugs or with a drop lipids function of health care products, to adjust the internal organs, adjuvant therapy. In short, comprehensive measures should be taken to hyperlipidemia treatment, and strive to maintain normal blood lipid levels.
diabetes: a history of diabetes and atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases Ji-fold higher than the normal 2m5. glycemic control is directly related to the heart, brain, kidney, nerve and other complications occurred and its severity is, therefore, for the five sets of patients with diabetes to manage the incidence of diabetes but also to avoid the occurrence of acute and chronic complications development.
Obesity: According to statistics, obesity and heart failure complicated by cerebral Ji rates than normal-weight multi-2 m 6 times; than diabetes more than four times; cholelithiasis more than 4 m 6 times; but also susceptible to metabolic syndrome in addition to genetic factors, food, activities and less is the root of obesity for obese people to diet, eat less, but proper nutrition, regular exercise, subjects curb weight if necessary to take the safety of drugs or functional foods aid weight loss.
Smoking: smoking is lung cancer, emphysema, hypertension, coronary heart disease risk and other diseases Yan factors, also known as implemented on the basis of the implementation, that is to implement primary prevention for life. have been suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease patients to promptly carry out the formal system of treatment, control disease progression and prevent complications, to better rehabilitation . the course of treatment we need to protect the heart, brain, kidney and other organs from further damage; onset of the disease should be avoided while the incentive, such as Bao meals, heavy drinking, fatigue, nervousness, agitation, dry stool, sudden cold stimulation.
do primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and secondary prevention is very important, and the sooner the better prevention of work to do, start from childhood, can significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, have been sick, the positive control in hand to take comprehensive measures to enable the transformation of the better condition, reduce mortality and morbidity, improve survival and quality of life.
cardiovascular diseases has been become the greatest threat to human health, although, with the doctors who curb the development of more and more methods of treatment, but mortality remains high morbidity, therefore, prevention is particularly important preventive health care focuses on understanding, in your persist from adolescence to develop good habits, middle age, to maintain the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system, regular check-ups, and promptly correct the negative factors, enhance early prevention, treatment, can have a multiplier effect. early hypertension, atherosclerosis can be reversed, can not lose health opportunity. With the development of high-tech bio-engineering, development and utilization of bamboo leaves flavone, as early as mid-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevention, health care has opened up new avenues, and shows good clinical prospects.
cardiovascular disease are life-long disease, although many current treatment methods, technology and more advanced, but difficult to achieve the purpose of complete cure, seriously affecting the patient's quality of life, but he is can be prevented and controlled. prevention include primary prevention and secondary prevention.
primary prevention: no place for the prevention of this disease are to remove Yan treatable risk factors, reduce the incidence of this disease, strengthen the heart cerebral blood control disease prevention knowledge, advocacy, full use of various forms of the disease to the masses of the risk factors and early detection of Xian, the knowledge of the importance of early treatment.
promoting a healthy lifestyle:
① reasonable diet: to be reasonable with diet, limit fat, sugar and salt into excessive deterrence. 6g of salt per person per day below a family of three one-month total amount of salt in 250g or less, plus the 500mI soy sauce (pickled products should be included .) Eat more potassium, calcium, vitamin G-rich foods to help lower blood pressure, such as potatoes, bananas, yogurt, kelp, seaweed, fungus, mushrooms, yams, soybeans, walnuts, fish, shrimp, tomatoes , orange juice, celery, onion, carrots, etc. drink less coffee, coffee can increase blood pressure. 2 ~ 2 a day to eat garlic can lower blood pressure, sterilization, anti-cancer, In addition to weight control, eating each meal seventy-eight sub-Bao.
② regular exercise: should choose on their own sports, such as walking, tai chi and other aerobic exercise, to persevere, persist in 30 to 60 minutes per day is appropriate; exercise to achieve good metabolic indicators (one of the most appropriate exercise heart rate can be bending and force.
③ smoking restrictions wine: white wine a day not more than one or two, not more than 1 bottle of beer is recommended to consume red wine is good.
④ maintain a peaceful state of mind: to be good relief work and life pressure in a tight spare time, will try to curb relax, walk, or more appropriate to participate in outdoor sports activities, the release of stress. to fame and fortune, to develop peace of mind, less quarrel with others.
⑤ develop good habits: Life must be rules to ensure adequate sleep, keeping the body's metabolism and organs function of a normal operation, prevent dry stools.
control the occurrence of disease risk Yan factors: there are five major risk factor Yan, which are hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity and smoking.
hypertension: it is the primary cause heart disease risk factors, Yan, because it is unknowingly, so called quietly killer. control rate) and three treatment errors (ill do not want medication, no medication is not uncomfortable, not by disease medication) features. which health literacy, attention to each examination, regular measurement of blood pressure, patients with early detection and timely adoption Take regular, effective treatment measures to control blood pressure in the normal range, to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease is essential.
hyperlipidemia: he is led to atherosclerosis of the main factors is the heart the development of cerebrovascular disease risk factors, Yan He incidence of occult, are not clinical symptoms, so that hyperlipidemia as the , low-salt diet; eat more fruits, vegetables and foods with more fiber; weight control, proper exercise, etc. For patients with elevated blood lipids has been to strictly limit the animal fat, if necessary, taking lipid-lowering drugs or with a drop lipids function of health care products, to adjust the internal organs, adjuvant therapy. In short, comprehensive measures should be taken to hyperlipidemia treatment, and strive to maintain normal blood lipid levels.
diabetes: a history of diabetes and atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases Ji-fold higher than the normal 2m5. glycemic control is directly related to the heart, brain, kidney, nerve and other complications occurred and its severity is, therefore, for the five sets of patients with diabetes to manage the incidence of diabetes but also to avoid the occurrence of acute and chronic complications development.
Obesity: According to statistics, obesity and heart failure complicated by cerebral Ji rates than normal-weight multi-2 m 6 times; than diabetes more than four times; cholelithiasis more than 4 m 6 times; but also susceptible to metabolic syndrome in addition to genetic factors, food, activities and less is the root of obesity for obese people to diet, eat less, but proper nutrition, regular exercise, subjects curb weight if necessary to take the safety of drugs or functional foods aid weight loss.
Smoking: smoking is lung cancer, emphysema, hypertension, coronary heart disease risk and other diseases Yan factors, also known as implemented on the basis of the implementation, that is to implement primary prevention for life. have been suffering from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease patients to promptly carry out the formal system of treatment, control disease progression and prevent complications, to better rehabilitation . the course of treatment we need to protect the heart, brain, kidney and other organs from further damage; onset of the disease should be avoided while the incentive, such as Bao meals, heavy drinking, fatigue, nervousness, agitation, dry stool, sudden cold stimulation.
do primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and secondary prevention is very important, and the sooner the better prevention of work to do, start from childhood, can significantly reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease, have been sick, the positive control in hand to take comprehensive measures to enable the transformation of the better condition, reduce mortality and morbidity, improve survival and quality of life.
cardiovascular diseases has been become the greatest threat to human health, although, with the doctors who curb the development of more and more methods of treatment, but mortality remains high morbidity, therefore, prevention is particularly important preventive health care focuses on understanding, in your persist from adolescence to develop good habits, middle age, to maintain the normal functioning of the cardiovascular system, regular check-ups, and promptly correct the negative factors, enhance early prevention, treatment, can have a multiplier effect. early hypertension, atherosclerosis can be reversed, can not lose health opportunity. With the development of high-tech bio-engineering, development and utilization of bamboo leaves flavone, as early as mid-term cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevention, health care has opened up new avenues, and shows good clinical prospects.
State Council on Forwarding Vaccine Development and Reform Commission and other departments to infor
vaccine supply system planning notice
SCS 62 [2011]
provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, the State Council Ministries, agencies directly:
State Council
二 December 22, 2011
vaccine supply system construction plan Development and Reform Commission Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Ministry of Science
Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Health, Food and Drug Administration
vaccine is pathogenic micro-organisms and its metabolites, artificially attenuated, inactivated or made use of genetic engineering methods for the prevention and control of infectious diseases, the major auto-immune agents, is an important branch of bio-pharmaceuticals. Vaccination and can block the extinction of the growth and spread of infectious diseases, the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases prevention and control is the most economical and most effective measures. The term vaccine supply planning system, is the prevention and control of infectious diseases through vaccination, response to public health emergencies involving a complete system, including early warning surveillance and vaccine development, production, distribution, vaccination, reserves, regulatory and other links . Vaccine supply and maintain a sound system for efficient operation and timely development, production and vaccination is the key to effective prevention and control of the epidemic on the protection of people's lives and health, to maintain economic and social stability is important.
2009 influenza h1n1 flu response process, our first production and vaccination, epidemic prevention and control for the full and effective means to provide a key. In recent years the fight against atypical pneumonia prevention and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza, foot and mouth disease outbreak response to children, and Timor , Yushu earthquake disaster prevention, etc. Practice shows that a significant and timely prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases, must be based China, according to Zhao build a complete system of the immune barrier of the target, overall planning capacity building of China's vaccine supply system.
vaccines for infectious diseases prevention and control needs of our country, under the circulation and vaccination regulations based on lessons learned, with the relevant planning requirements, the development of this plan, the planning period of 2011-2015, taking into account the development needs of 2020. The plan to focus on human vaccines, according to a comprehensive prevention and control of the epidemic need to put forward a human zoonotic infectious diseases of veterinary vaccine requirements. Animal vaccines against infectious diseases is not within the scope of this plan.
one's vaccine supply system status
(1) Basic information.
1.'s Vaccine categories and requirements. Vaccination costs paid by Zhao different subjects, vaccines for human use in China is divided into two categories. The first vaccine is that the Government free of charge to citizens, citizens should be subject to government regulations in accordance with Zhao kinds of vaccines, including vaccines and other national immunization program, using the plan developed by the Government and centralized purchasing. The second vaccine is voluntary by the citizens at their own expense and subject to other types of vaccines, mainly rely on market forces of supply and demand.
2.'s Vaccine industry status quo. Management, currently has a health administrative departments at all levels, CDC organizational units of vaccination inoculation, biological products or business plans based on market demand, the government organization of production, the drug regulatory departments to implement quality control, veterinary administrative department responsible for sweeping the mouth Zoonoses and other animal vaccines pattern. Research and development, formed a university-based research institutions and conduct basic research, the business, engineering (technology) center for applied research and engineering, industrial development of the system. Production, China is one of the few self-supply of vaccine one of the countries, with the varieties of vaccine production, the scale has grown to become the largest vaccine producer cones.
3. The effect of vaccination. Vaccine from the country's national immunization program in 1978 Through extensive vaccination, infectious diseases greatly reduced morbidity and mortality in 2008 of Infectious morbidity and mortality rates were 69% lower than in 1985 and 50%, smallpox has been completely eliminated, since 1994, 16 consecutive years was no indigenous polio cases, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, epidemic encephalitis B, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis and other disease rates dropped significantly.
In addition, for our country, including highly pathogenic avian influenza, rabies, including nine kinds of zoonoses, extensive animal immunization.
(b) of the main problems.
our existing routine immunization vaccines can basically meet the demand, but as the people's health for life, health and epidemic prevention have become increasingly demanding, coupled with atypical pneumonia, influenza h1n1 influenza and other major and new emerging infectious diseases, vaccine supply system exposed some of the links are obvious problems:
1. low levels of infectious disease monitoring and early warning. Many cases of infectious diseases diagnosed by a doctor based on clinical symptoms, bacteria, viruses, fungi and other pathogens too few diagnostic reagent products, application level is low.
2. R & D is relatively backward. China's basic research is weak vaccine, vaccine quality and effectiveness evaluation support system is imperfect. Lack of innovative and high-end R & D personnel.
3. Large-scale production capacity is weak. Lack of advanced mass production technology.
4. Vaccine management needs to be strengthened. Vaccine supply management involves many departments, the current lack of overall coordination. Vaccine distribution management is relatively weak. Abnormal response to vaccination compensation mechanism has been established.
5. A lack of emergency support. Technical reserves and production capacity of vaccine reserve is insufficient to achieve rapid development and expansion of emergency a lot. Variety of national reserves, too few to cope with large-scale epidemic outbreak and unexpected fluctuations in production means weak. Not yet formed from the surveillance, emergency vaccination to the entire process of dealing with adverse reactions emergency response mechanism.
6. Pricing mechanism needs to be improved. Affected by many factors, the national immunization program vaccine low overall level of government pricing, profit margins smaller, to a certain extent, affected the enterprises to improve product quality and upgrading initiative. The second vaccine product for the market-regulated prices, more circulation, the market price is high.
7. Immunization vaccine still need to improve the actual coverage. Some of the local implementation of the immunization process, there is rural, village-level immunization budget is not implemented, the construction of the cold chain was not complete primary vaccination and the lack of staff and other issues, leading to uneven progress of immunization programs, the actual impact on vaccination coverage improved.
8. Zoonosis is not high overall level of veterinary vaccines. Zoonoses monitoring and early warning capacity is weak. Research and innovation capability is not strong, vaccines variety of small, backward production technology, primary vaccine cold chain storage and transportation systems inadequate. Veterinary vaccine reserves and impact evaluation system has not been vaccinated, adverse reaction monitoring wind Yan assessment carried out less.
(c) the situation and challenges faced.
1. Relatively high incidence of infectious diseases. Compared with developed countries, China's per capita share of low levels of health care resources and uneven regional development, the need to compensate by strengthening the epidemic lack of medical resources. Incidence rate in the control of infectious diseases in China there are still some significant gaps. 2010 World Health Organization data show that China's reported cases of measles cases accounted for 13% of cones, 50% of cases of mumps, rubella cases accounted for 62%, 22% of cases of neonatal tetanus.
2. The increasing demand for disease prevention. In recent years, major international and domestic, emerging infectious diseases continue to emerge, of which 75% are zoonoses. As the economy continues to deepen the degree of all cones, national and regional economic and trade exchanges between the increasing cross-border movement of people is more frequent, faster than the spread of infectious diseases, adverse effects more difficult to control.
3. Vaccine Supply international competition. At present, governments play a more and more attention to the role of the vaccine, developed countries have adopted various measures to encourage and support their development of the vaccine industry enterprises bigger and stronger. Europe's five major multinational vaccine cones market sales accounted for more than 85%, has begun to enter China's market.
Generally speaking, China's vaccine supply system formed in the prevention and control of infectious diseases play an important role, but compared with the actual demand, the overall level of protection there is still a gap between supply capacity is big but not strong . With economic power and comprehensive national strength, China has a necessary and possible for overall planning and construction of the vaccine supply system, integration of resources, increase investment, improve vaccine supply system capacity and product quality to meet the needs of routine and emergency vaccination to protect people's health social stability and economic development.
Second, the guiding ideology, basic principles and development goals
(a) guiding ideology.
fully implement the Party's Seventeenth National Congress, Deng Xiaoping Theory and concept, in order to protect people's health, social stability and national security for the purpose, establish and improve China's national conditions compatible with the vaccine supply system. To improve the whole process of supervision and management of the main line, in order to enhance the overall R & D capabilities as the core, strengthen vaccine supply capacity for effective prevention and control of infectious diseases and public health emergencies should lay a solid foundation.
(b) of the basic principles.
1. Overall layout, system upgrade. Vaccine supply system for the weak links, co-ordinate arrangements for system tasks, rational distribution of key projects, enhance the overall vaccine supply system under normal and abnormal protection capabilities.
2. Self-production, and strengthen innovation. Adhere to national immunization program vaccine, routine and emergency vaccine based on the domestic vaccine production principles to the field of vaccine-related research and innovation capacity building of key technologies as the main way to actively support the development of new vaccines and industrial application of advanced technology, accelerate the species upgrade.
3. Treating the symptoms and distance combination. Strengthening the vaccine development and production of existing infrastructure, focusing on new breakthroughs in vaccine development and mass production technology constraints such as bottlenecks in long-term development, and effectively improve the core competitiveness, efforts to narrow the gap with the international advanced level.
4. Security of supply, effective emergency response. Step to improve part of the vaccine production capacity and quality in terms of equipment capability, improve the current vaccine in kind, such as production capacity and technical reserves, emergency supply of vaccine to respond quickly to establish linkage mechanism.
5. Strengthen the supervision and healthy development. Improve vaccine regulations, strengthen law enforcement efforts to promote the standardization of supervision, increase support for policy and investment, speed up the training, and comprehensively promote the healthy development of the vaccine supply system.
(c) the development goals.
2015, initially built to meet the needs of economic and social development of China's vaccine supply system, through the weak link in the key construction, will achieve the normal security, emergency response capacity has increased significantly. Form a more perfect, including emerging infectious diseases, including surveillance and early warning system, gradually raise the infectious diseases of public health emergencies, and direct reporting network rate; through a comprehensive R & D institutions, R & D technology and application technology platform capacity-building to achieve basic research, applied basic research and industrial development closely together, to narrow the international advanced technology gap; accelerate needed vaccines of new product development and industrialization process, to enhance the part of the active vaccine maximum capacity, to ensure the normal and emergency for the various vaccines Chongzu supply and further improve quality; to the township (town) as a unit of the national immunization programs to achieve and maintain vaccination rates over 90%; perfect vaccine reserve system, the layout of building production capacity reserves, additional reserves of vaccine-kind varieties; improve vaccine quality monitoring and evaluation system inoculation effect; Zoonoses significantly improve the quality of veterinary vaccines, veterinary disease vaccine technology to enhance foreign reserves.
2020's vaccine supply system to further improve and perfect, synchronization with the developed countries cope with emergencies and major outbreaks of strength. Vaccine production technology research and development of basic reach or approach international advanced level, further increase the variety, safety, effectiveness and further improve product quality, variety and size of a reasonable reserve, vaccination services more convenient.
three main tasks
vaccine supply for the existing system of weak links, focus on capacity building, focusing on enhancing research and development, to achieve disease control and vaccine development , production, circulation, vaccination, reserves, regulation of the aspects of development.
(a) to strengthen monitoring and early warning.
integration of existing early warning surveillance resources, expanding infectious diseases and public health emergencies direct reporting network system function, strengthen the system construction and operation and maintenance, medical and health institutions above the county level direct reporting of epidemic rates of up to 100 network %, rural medical and health institutions more than 90%. Improve disease surveillance systems, strengthen respiratory class, class encephalitis, hemorrhagic fever like symptoms such as sudden onset of acute infectious disease surveillance points and build a sound network of sudden onset of acute infectious disease laboratory monitoring, development of rapid diagnostic or detection reagents related to the development unexplained illnesses and emerging infectious diseases of laboratory detection and identification technology. Strengthen epidemiological Pok investigation, emphasis on international cooperation and exchange of information, good epidemic status monitoring and trend analysis, to effectively guide vaccine development, production and use of vaccination.
(b) to enhance research and development.
industrial technology innovation through strategic alliances and other forms of research collaboration to accelerate the production of innovative vaccines Pok R & D system, strengthen laboratory research, new product trial production, industrial development of an effective interface between. Pok Pok and immune enhancing pathogen applied basic research, to speed up vaccine-associated laboratory biosafety capacity building. Integrated use of existing scientific and technological resources, to promote vaccine R & D base, give full play to the role of technology platforms to support, through Tianpingbuqi eliminate weak links, improve vaccine research and development capabilities. Increase the joint research efforts, much-needed breakthrough in key technologies, vaccine research and development engineering efforts to achieve industrialization. Promote the industrialization of research results and accelerate some of the upgrading of the existing varieties of vaccines. Strengthen the important, emerging infectious diseases, vaccine development and evaluation of support system. Strengthen the bacteria and viruses for research and resource sharing.
(c) increase productivity and quality.
support related businesses increase productivity, raise standards, build the production line. The first efforts to solve the vaccine production capacity, production lines and product upgrading a single issue; to guide and encourage second vaccine manufacturers moderate expansion of existing vaccines and new vaccine production capacity; support the vaccine companies to obtain pre-certification and the World Health Organization to enter the international market, effectively maintain respond to outbreaks of influenza and other peak capacity. Strengthening the vaccine development and application of major equipment, and actively promote the introduction and assimilation of key technologies to new breakthroughs in key areas such as large-scale cultivation and purification techniques and equipment bottlenecks. Efforts to increase the advantages of enterprise support, support mergers and acquisitions, to promote large-scale, intensive production.
(d) of Section Pok safe vaccination.
immunization strategy to carry out immunization and infectious disease burden, Division Pok reasonable planning to expand vaccine coverage and species populations. Take specific measures to focus on improving the rural areas in the western and eastern areas of migrant children in national immunization programs in the vaccination rate. Actively vaccine application development policy, increase the knowledge of vaccine-related propaganda to promote the second category of public voluntary vaccination vaccination. Improve the vaccination statistics and abnormal reaction reporting system, and actively carry out vaccination efficacy and safety evaluation, and improve vaccine adverse reaction monitoring system. Establish and improve the compensation mechanism for abnormal reaction to vaccination.
(5) specification storage management.
tissue vaccine production, storage, transport and vaccination units, in cooperation vaccine storage and transportation management study to develop the vaccine storage and transportation practices, specifically related to facilities, equipment requirements and conditions of refrigeration (cold) equipment, vehicle refrigeration equipment, vehicles and other equipment configuration standards. Establish and improve the vaccine cold chain distribution management system, strengthen the cold chain during transportation of standardized management, quality assurance to improve the level of vaccine transport.
(f) improve the reserve system.
strengthen vaccine stockpile management, improve the reserve system, differentiated reserve measures taken to co-ordinate technical reserves, reserve capacity and physical reserves to ensure quick and effective state of emergency supplies. Regularly assess the likelihood of outbreaks of various infectious diseases and immunization requirements, to determine the technical reserve list. By Zhao government, corporate commitment to the principle of reserve mission, organizational capacity reserves and physical reserves. Determine the lowest overall vaccine production capacity is used to maintain the amount of peak demand for flu vaccine reserve of the larger species necessary capacity. Considering changes in the epidemic situation, the wind Yan production disruptions and other factors, the development of physical reserve plan. Strengthening the vaccine Chengchuqiye storage capacity.
(g) enhance emergency support capabilities.
establish emergency vaccine research and development, approval, production, circulation, reserve call, vaccination and other fast-response linkage mechanism. Strengthening the vaccine supply emergency, transporting, supporting capacity building inoculation, developed for high-wind Yan expansion plans for emergency vaccination of infectious diseases, improve vaccine production capacity, the community's emergency inventory requisition and compensation system, a clear in-school students and other key groups Pok emergency vaccination strategies to develop vaccines emergency vaccination plans.
(h) improve the regulatory system.
strengthen vaccine regulatory capacity building, development of vaccine regulatory system construction and development goals, improve infrastructure, innovation and regulatory measures to improve regulatory efficiency. Improve the way the vaccine for regulatory approval. Establish a standardized system of vaccine quality evaluation system, strengthen the quality control standards, improve product quality responsibility system for vaccine production. Strengthen vaccine production, distribution, monitoring the whole process of vaccination, unified planning and construction electronic monitoring system for vaccine production and wholesale enterprises, disease management organizations to implement electronic monitoring, and gradually expand to the vaccination unit. Strict implementation of the vaccine batch release system, increase the daily supervision and inspection and market testing efforts to crack down illegal acts. Strengthening the vaccine production process, especially removal of bacteria virus seed safety supervision.
(i) to enhance international competitiveness.
increase innovation support, encourage research and development of vaccines with independent intellectual property rights of new varieties, new techniques and new technology. Expand international cooperation and exchanges, tracking foreign vaccine development, production technology dynamic. Timely introduction of our much-needed technology, equipment and materials, organizing the digestion and absorption, re-development. In vaccine development, production companies, mergers and acquisitions, closure, bankruptcy process, pay attention and take effective measures to protect key technologies and production capabilities to ensure industrial safety.
(X) to improve prevention and control of zoonoses ability.
strengthen zoonoses animal immunization, improve vaccine quality and supply capacity. The establishment of health care, immigration and quarantine system, veterinary and information resource sharing mechanism, the formation of rapid diagnosis of zoonoses laboratory network, and strengthen disease monitoring and early warning and rapid response capabilities to prevent introduction of foreign diseases. Based on our reality, combined with international status and trends of epidemic diseases well in advance of major zoonoses prevention and control, and laboratory bio-safety and security required technical reserves and the necessary physical reserves.
to accelerate the construction of mission objectives, planning in the overall consideration of the necessity and feasibility of proposed based on five categories of key construction projects. First, the urgent need to foster important new products. Hand, foot and mouth disease vaccine to complete the six kinds of new vaccines and industrialization, accelerate the development of new vaccines and the development of a number of varieties. Second, the construction of key R & D facilities, focusing on new vaccines and other capacity-building, national research centers. Third, the expansion needed capacity and physical reserves. Fourth, the vaccine industry to improve the level of equipment. Fifth, the establishment of vaccine quality control system. Investment in key projects will be about 94 billion yuan.
Fourth, the security measures
(a) strengthening the regulatory and standards system.
promote the improvement of vaccine supply system, relevant laws and regulations, and improve the relevant provisions of the vaccine supply emergency. Division Pok assess and improve the management practices, systems, norms and standards, to improve the overall functioning of the vaccine supply system efficiency.
(b) increase financial support for such policies.
central finance the expansion of national immunization programs of the first class required for the acquisition cost of vaccines and syringes to give support. Funding for local governments to ensure that national immunization programs within the first vaccination work. Further improve and implement for vaccine research and development, production, storage and other enterprise support policies vaccine supply. Improve the vaccine price management, reasonable adjustments to the national immunization program vaccine prices, specifications second vaccine market prices.
(c) to increase research funding.
by major science and technology, national science and technology programs, industry specific and to encourage private investment and other means, to increase vaccine-based Section Pok, experimental research, key technology research and industrialization as well as important research infrastructure, platform capacity building input. Scientific and technological achievements to improve the conversion rate and R & D capital efficiency.
(d) strengthen the training of personnel.
rely on universities and research institutes, according to Zhao great loss of national policy, professional training base for the formation of the vaccine, vaccine R & D required to develop a positive professional technical and management personnel. Promote vaccine R & D efforts to create a favorable environment for the growth of talent, establish and improve the incentive mechanism, and actively introduce the vaccine R & D of high-end talent. Improve disease prevention and control personnel and medical staff job training system to improve primary vaccine management and immunization staff of professional quality. Increase to the public, especially students in the school Pok popularization of health and disease prevention knowledge, knowledge of vaccination efforts.
(e) to strengthen the coordination of vaccine supply system.
vaccine supply system construction plan of specific tasks and projects implemented by the relevant departments under the normal duties by the division of responsibilities and carry it out; major epidemic deployed by the State Council to implement the emergency co-ordinating multi-power common response and timely solutions to common, affecting the overall situation of the major problems. Improve the government departments, research institutions, production reserves of normal contact between enterprises and the state of emergency mechanism for rapid mobilization mechanisms, and improve vaccine supply emergency support and coordination.
(This piece has excision)
2011年8月27日星期六
AT4
Help edit Baike card
AT4 (or AT-4) is a Swedish power corporation Saab Bofo Si (Saab Bofors Dynamics) production of a single-action-man anti-tank weapons,godbo.com, which replaces the database of the United States and NATO weapons M72 LAW rockets. Saab sales in the AT4 made very noteworthy success, making it the world's most popular anti-tank weapons. This weapon was designed to make infantry units to have the means to destroy or they may experience weakness of the armored vehicles and fortifications, but the main force for defeating modern tanks is not very effective. The weapons and rocket launcher will first assemble in the manufacturing good, do a single release of ammunition, rather than a weapon system, abandoned after use in the launch tube.
directory
Equipment Overview: General Introduction Introduction development of weapons to use rockets and equipment descriptions Profile: Chinese Name: Swedish-style 84mm AT-4 rocket adult country: the Swedish development agency: FFV Ordnance company develops Time: 1976(photo at right, when drug gods in the attack, FBI commanders first used the pill lords AT4 Hongdiao sentry outside the home) is the total introduced weapons introduced in Sweden Saab AT4 - Bofors [Bofors Dynamics] (Saab Bofors Dynamics) production of a single-action-man anti-armor / weapons and fortifications. The world's most popular anti-tank weapons. This weapon was designed to make soldiers units to have the means to destroy or they may experience weakness of the armored vehicles and fortifications. AT4 rocket launcher and the first gathering in the industry of good will, do a unattached loosen of cartridge, preferably than a weapon system, abandoned after use in the launch tube.
AT4 rocket launcher using the U.S.
FFV Ordnance, Sweden R & D companies should apply the Swedish Army, in order to replace the age villain manner 74mm rocket launcher, developed in 1976-style 84mm AT-4 rocket. February 1981 produced a 100 rocket-propelled grenades and 200 hollow-charge HEAT, completed the personnel apt manipulate the summer fire tests. In September, the Army Proving Ground by Fort thou card, a sequence of live performances test duration of 18 months. The end of 1982, evolution go, put into trial creation. Development of the absolute estimated at 200 million SEK. AT4 namely the Swedish army in the 1960s using 60mm Pskott m/68 (Miniman) the heiress prototype. As m/68, AT4 by 佛伦内德飞比斯福肯 Company (F renade fabriksverken; FFV) are designed in Sweden by their card Chelsea Costa (Karlstad) Chelsea Kyu Sri Lanka fighting (Zakrisdal ) of the factory. AT4 was accepted in Sweden even ahead it has been contained in anti-tank weapons, the U.S. Army's new command, the last run-off and those for the AT4 Rocket German crossbow (Armbrust), notwithstanding the AT4 is satisfied that it's aimed by the U.S. Army and there is room for correction with a belt, in the redesign, AT4 was accepted and the U.S. naval anti-tank phoned the M136 grenade launcher (antitank grenade launcher; LAW), the Swedish Army has recognized these improvements,borog, and then use the U.S. edition of the AT4 cried Pskott m/86. In the early 1990s, has tested a 120mm tandem dictate version of the AT4, this edition can be flee via anyone modern cardinal tank armor, yet plans to end the Soviet Union and shortening defense ration and obliterate. In the summer of 1983, the U.S. Army light anti-tank arms culling test, the rocket launcher to a more eminent representation is chose, to Sweden in September 1985 ordered 270 000. , The United States Arleigh Ante equipment has got authorize production rights, and name it M136 type, to October 1992 produced a total of 290 000, priced at $ 720. In the while, for the AT-4 (M136) architecture there too long, also many of the absence of Canton, it has improved, has designed the AT-4B1-and AT-4E2-style rocket launchers. Use AT4 is a recoilless arms, which represents the along line accustom to line the shell with the barrel behind the quality of exhaust gas to subserve a equilibrium, because it does no produce weapons Ji about entirely recoil, so you can use additional man-portable weapons can no be used, relatively larger size of the shells, the other, because the absence to take the orthodox pistol barrel to resist lusty oppression, it can be designed to be quite light. The disadvantage of this design is that it will have a large back in the arms of After the flame of the problem has recently been emerging AT4-CS eliminate, AT4-CS ambition fire in order to dwindle salt unload to the rear impact, this makes the forces do no amend then the body can be exposed to antagonist launch to the enemy armored transport beneath naval vehicles or tank fire. To launch this arms, the user must first determine there is not friendly crews or equipment in the post-flame region, whether the lying shot, he have to put his foot to the side so as not to scald yourself, and then he will open 2 Paul Yan devices , cocked firing needle and fire the trigger reduced. Aim is amenable from sight by a plastic complete with slip conservation during transmission, in increase to In counting, this weapon can likewise be the installation of light restrain night-vision goggles in a removable bracket. AT4 without too much exercising to use and the operation is easy, making it applicable to many situations. Because of high cost is not appropriate for live-fire exercising ashore a regular foundation, so there are some disciplines with the same version of operating, yet was re-launched on the tracer shells of 9mm or 20mm, 20mm version is made afterward a non-power weapons, and by Swedish Army accepted because of its authenticity afterward the flame additional, compared to the 9mm's Specifications Length: 101.6cm Weight: 6.7kg muzzle diameter: 84mm Maximum effective range: 300 meters, but do attack the local coerce can be extra than 500 meters through: 400mm coiled homogeneous armor flight period (up to 250 km ft): fewer than an sec muzzle velocity: 285m / s operating temperature: -40 to +60 ° C ammunition: conical shaped pinion reliability AT4 rocket bombs there are numerous alter types of rockets, attention because of AT4 is a one-time weapons, these rockets are pre- installed. HEAT (high gunpowder armor piercing): AT4 HEAT is a low-low dispersion ballistic weapons perceive 420mm of armor. HEAT (high explosive dual-purpose missile): used in the bunkers and structures, rockets can be set to detonate or postponed detonation of the collision. HP (high penetration mine): greater penetration, can be scamper via the 500 to 600mm of armor. Further reading: 1^ http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/at4.htm
2^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 7 Dec 2005
Open Category: rocket-propelled grenades, ordnance, army equipment
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